Term
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Definition
- Long neck
- forelimbs modified to fly
- skeleton well ossified- hollow bones
- feathers
- beak (no teeth)
- 4 chambered hearts (warm blooded)
- kidneys and uric acid waste
- only functional left ovary and oviduct; internal fertilization
- Eggs calcareous with 3 extra embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois)
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Term
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Definition
See cladogram (Fig 27.2)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Order: Aves
28 modern orders, evolved from Archaeopteryx line
[image] |
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Term
What is the relationship between bird beak structure and feeding behavior/food types? What are some types and example birds?
(see fig 27.11a and 27.11b) |
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Definition
Bird beaks evolve for specific foods and techniques.
Examples:
Generalized bill: Can be used in a wide variety of situations. Eg: Raven
Seed Cracker: Generally shorter, stouter, and thicker. Used to peck through hard shell coverings. Eg: Cardinal
Worm burrow probe. Long, narrow, and slightly curved. Can probe burrows and spear grubs and worms. Eg: American avocet
Dip net. Flexible on bottom, allows bird to skim the water while flying. Eg: Pelican
Nut Cracker: Still short and stout, generally larger than seed cracker. Often has hook for prying nuts open. Eg: Parrot
Mud Sifter: Allows bird to sift through mud for prey there. Eg: Flamingo
Fish Spear: Just what it sounds like. Long, thin, fairly sharp. Eg: Anhinga
Meat Tearer: Stout, strong and hooked. Used to tear chunks of meat from bone. Eg: Eagles and other birds of prey. |
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Term
| How does breathing work for birds (fig 27.12)? Why is it important? Would you want to receive CPR from one? |
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Definition
Takes 2 inhale/exhale cycles for air to go in then out of bird.
- Air goes down trachea, immediately pushes air into posterior air sacs.
- Exhale 1: air in posterior air sacs flows across lungs (with parabronchi)
- inhale 2: air flows from lungs with parabronchi to anterior air sacs
- Exhale 2: Air goes from anterior air sacs out the mouth.
Much greater efficiency than humans. Exhalation has higher amounts of CO2, so CPR is a bad idea. |
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Term
| What is the difference between altricial and precocial chicks? |
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Definition
Altricial: Born helpless. Very sparse feathers, eyes closed, etc. Parents must take care of them for a while. Example: Meadowlark
Precocial: Able to function almost immediately. Example: Ruffed grouse. |
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Term
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Definition
Archaeopteryx ("ancient winged")
About 147 million years old
Had bird and reptile features
Reptile: teeth, vertebral tail, claws on wings
Birdlike: feathers |
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Term
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Definition
1. Interact with the environment in 3 dimensions.
2. Can use trees for safety and reach food terrestrial creatures cannot.
3. Can change habitats much more easily. Many birds migrate to take advantage of multiple habitats throughout the year.
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Term
| Why do birds migrate? What are some disadvantages? What are 2 examples? |
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Definition
Migration takes advantage of resources in widely distributed regions.
Disadvantages:
1. Very metabolically costly.
2. Can have 2 different sets of predators and parasites
Examples:
Bobolinks do summer nesting in North America (near us), then go to South America for winter habitat
American golden plover: summer nesting range is very north Canada, winter range in eastcentral South America
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Term
Structure of a feather
(see Fig 27.5 and 27.5d)
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Definition
Quill (central shaft) is a shaft, covered in barbs, and surrounded by a protective sheath
Vane is the feathery part. Made up of barbs and barbules. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of bird bones? |
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Definition
1. Hollow
2. some have internal trusses to add strength
3. Often have air pockets |
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Term
| How are the sternum and chest muscles adapted for flight? |
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Definition
Keel comes down from sternum.
Pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles attach to keel.
Supracoracoideus is innermost, weaker of the two. Raises the wing.
Pectoralis is outermost and much bigger. It pushes air down to provide lift for flying.
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Term
| What adaptations do bird brains have for flight? |
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Definition
ery well developed cerebrum and optic lobe so can see and navigate very well and quickly. Very well coordinated
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Term
| How are wing shapes adapted for different flight strategies? What is an example of each? |
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Definition
Elliptical wings: Broad, elliptical wings. Large wing slots on wing tips. Has alula (freely moving "thumb" for quick changes in elevation). Very acrobatic. Example: flycatcher.
High-speed wings: Swept back, thinner wings. No wing slots, slender tips. Example: Swallow
Dynamic Soaring Wings: Long, narrow wings. No wing slots. Used to glide for long distances. Example: Albatross.
High Lift Wings: Broad wing, has alula and wing slots. Used for flying high and speedy attacks. Example: Hawk |
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Term
| What type of fertilization do birds do? What is different about the female anatomy from other vertebrates? |
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Definition
Internal fertilization; often has complex courtship.
Typically, only left side of female reproductive organs developed.
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