Term
| Define pulmonary ventilation |
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Definition
The act of breathing. page 52 in our notes page 831 in our book |
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Term
Matching 1. nasal cavity A. Major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that goes into each lung 2. pharynx B. Secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes, traps dust, bacteria and warms the air during inspiration 3. larynx C. Commonly called the throat, air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs 4. trachea D. Contains vocal cords that produce speech called the voice box 5. bronchi E. Descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides into each lung 6. alveoli F. Terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs |
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Definition
page 50 and 51 in our notes 1-B 2-C 3-D 4-E 5-A 6-F |
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Term
Matching 1. Boyles law A. Pressure and volume have an inverse relationship 2. Dalton's law B. Each gas has a partial pressure that is proportional to the percentage of gas in the gas mixture 3. Henry's law C. When the mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
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Definition
pages 52 and 53 in our notes pages 847 and 854 in our book 1-A 2-B 3-C |
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Term
The bulk of CO2 is carried a) Chemically combined with amino acids of hemoglobin as carbinohemoglobin in the RBC's b) As the ion HCO-3 in the plasma after first entering the RBC c) as carbonic acid in the plasma d) chemically combined with the heme portion of Hb |
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Definition
page 55 in our notes page 861 in our book b |
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Term
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Definition
page 51 in our notes page 846 in our books The plurae produces pleural fluid which fills the pleural cavity and reduces friction |
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Term
The tissues that line the trachea A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Stratified squamous epithelium C. Pseudostratified columnar epithilium D. Areolar connective tissue E. Hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 838 and 839 C |
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Term
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called A. cellular respiration B. pulmonary ventilation C. oxidative phosphorylation D. internal respiration E. external respiration |
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Definition
page 52 in notes page 849 in book B |
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Term
The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A. corniculate cartilage B. epiglottis C. cricoid cartilage D. thyroid cartilage |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 836 in book B |
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Term
Most of the CO2 transported by the blood is A. dissolved in plasma B. carried by WBC's C. bound to hemoglobin D. bound to the same protein as CO E. converted to HCO-3 and transported in the plasma |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 862 in book E |
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Term
In the alveoli, the partial pressure of O2 is A. about 104 mm Hg B. the same as the partial pressure of O2 for venous blood C. equal with that in tissues D. lower that the partial pressure of venous blood E. much higher that the partial pressure for arterial blood |
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Definition
page 53 in notes page 858 in book A |
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Term
| How is O2 carried in the blood? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 858 in book O2 is carried by hemoglobin 98.5% and the remainder is dissolved |
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of hemoblobin |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 859 in book hemoglobin= O2 binds to the heme portion of the hemoglobin. Blood is oxygenated at 75% |
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Term
Hemoglobin has a tendency to release O2 where A. partial pressures of CO2 are lower B. partial pressures of O2 are higher C. temperature is lower D. pH is more alkaline E. pH is more acidic |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 860 in book E The Bohr effect |
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Term
Air moves in lungs because A. the thorax is muscular B. the volume of lungs decreases with inspiration C. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity D. the gas of the partial pressure of oxygen becomes less than the outside as the diaphragm contracts E. internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume |
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Definition
page 52 in notes page 848 in the book D |
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Term
| What does Henry's law state? |
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Definition
page 53 in notes page 854 in book When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
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Term
| How does CO affect O2 binding to hemoglobin? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 861 in book It is a competetor of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
page 53 in notes page 854 in book It states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture |
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Term
true or false Without the secretions of the type 11 alveolar cells the lungs would collapse between breaths |
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Definition
page 51 in notes page 850 in book true |
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Term
If intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure equalize, atelectasis will occur true or false |
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Definition
page 51 in notes page 850 true |
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Term
true or false The most prevalent gas in the atmosphere is O2 |
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Definition
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Term
The_______cartilage is connected to the vocal cords A. thyroid B. cricoid C. corniculate D. cuneform |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 836 in book C |
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Term
| What is air a mixture of? |
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Definition
page 53 in notes N, O, H2O, and CO2 |
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Term
Which gas has no effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur A. helium B. CO2 C. N D. CO E. O2 |
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Definition
page 54 in notes page 868 in book C |
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Term
| How is the right lung different from the left? |
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Definition
page 51 in notes page 844 in book right=3 lobes left=2 lobes |
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Term
| List the functions of the nose |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 831 in book 1. warms(blood vessels) 2. moistens(mucus) 3. filters air(hairs) 4. olfaction |
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Term
How do the following factors affect oxyhemoglobin dissociation 1. partial pressure 2. pH/ Bohr 3. temperature 4. BPG |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 859 in book 1. As partial pressure of CO2 goes up affinity for O2 goes down 2. As the the pH goes down, the solution becomes more acidic and the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 goes down, this is known as the Bohr effect 3. As temperature goes up, affinity goes down 4. As BPG levels go up affinity for O2 goes down |
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Term
| What happens to the higher pressure gases at higher altitudes? |
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Definition
page 54 in notes page 870 in book Partial decline in direct proportion to the decrease in atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve tell us? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 858 in book as partial pressure of O2 increases, hemoglobin becomes more saturated |
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Term
Define pneumothorax and atelectasis A. What cause atelectasis? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 847 in book pneumothorax= The presence of air in the intrapleural space A pneumothorax can cause atlectasis atelectasis=collapsed lung |
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Term
| How is forced exhalation received? |
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Definition
page 53 in notes The active process produced by contraction of the abdominal wall muscles |
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Term
| How is CO2 transported in the blood? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 861 in book 5-9%=dissolved 5-13%=bound to hemoglobin carbinohemoglobin(Hb-CO2) 78-90%=(HCO3-) bicarbonate ions |
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Term
During internal respiration A. O2 diffuses out of the tissues into the systemic capillaries B. CO2 is loaded into the blood from the systemic tissues C. CO2 diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli D. O2 is loaded into the pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli |
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Definition
pages 53 and 54 in notes pages 856 and 858 in book B |
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Term
Simple squamous epithelium would be found in the A. secondary bronchi B. alveoli in the lungs C. nasal cavity D. trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| What is fetal hemoblobin? |
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Definition
page 55 in notes The fetus has a stronger affinity for O2 than the the maternal blood |
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Term
surfactant A. lubricates the pleural membranes to reduce friction B. lubricates the vocal folds, allowing them to vibrate better C. helps reduces surface tension in the alveoli D. is secreted by the mucus cells in the nasal cavity |
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Definition
page 51 in notes page 850 in book C |
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Term
Which statement is true regarding gas transport? A. Nearly all of the CO2 transported in the blood is bound to hemoglobin B. O2 is primarily transported in the blood as HCO3- C. O2 is transported by leukocytes D. CO2 is primarily transported as HCO3- in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the # for atmospheric pressure? |
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Definition
page 52 in notes 760 mm Hg |
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Term
| What causes respiratory distress in babies? |
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Definition
page 51 in notes This is common in premature babies, not enough surfactant is produced |
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Term
Identify the parts of the larynx 1. epiglottis 2. glottis 3. thyroid and cricoid cartilage 4. arytenoid and corniculate cartilage 5. vocal cords |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 836 and 837 in book 1. Covers the airway and keeps food out of the respiratory passages 2. The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes 3. The main piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx 4. connects the trachea to lthe larynx 5. Puts tension on the vocal cords 6. makes sounds and receives vibrations on cords |
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Term
Which determines the direction of gas movement? A. solubility in H2O B. partial pressure gradient of O2 C. temperature D. molecular weight and size of gas molecule |
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Definition
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Term
O2 and CO2 are exchanged in the lungs through all the cell membranes by A. active transport B. diffusion C. filtration D. osmosis |
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Definition
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Term
Most O2 carried in the blood is A. in solution in the plasma B. combined with plasma proteins C. chemically combined with the heme in the RBC's D. in solution in the RBC's |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 858 in book C |
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Term
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Definition
page 51 in notes page 842 in book Thin walled air sacs in the lung. This is the site of gas exchange O2 in Co2 out type 1= simple squamous epithelium type 11=surfactant, it breaks the affinity that H2O molecules have for each other and prevents atelectasis |
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Term
The detergent like substance that keeps alveoli from collpasing between breaths because it reduces the surface A. lecithin B. bile C. surfactant D. reluctant |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between atelectasis and compliance? |
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Definition
page 51 and 53 in notes atelectesis=collapsed lung compliance=ability of your lungs to expand |
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Term
The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as A. pH increases B. The H+ concentration decreases C. The temperature increases D. The partial of CO2 in the blood decreases |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following would make breathing more difficult A. decreased lung compliance B. decreased air resistance C. increased surface tension in the alveoli D. all of the above E. only a and c |
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Definition
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Term
During normal inspiration A. the alveolar pressure is greater than the atm pressure B. the thoracic cavity is compresses C. the diaphragm relaxes D. the intrapleural pressure is greater than the atm |
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Definition
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Term
true or false Most O2 is transported in the blood as oxyhemoglobin while most CO2 is transported as carbinohemoglobin |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 858 in book false |
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Term
true or false An increase in temperature of the blood will decrease the Hb affinity for O2 |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 859 in book true |
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Term
Matching 1. single tube with c ring A. bronchiles 2. paired with c rings B. primary bronchi 3. 3 in right lung 2 in left C. secondary bronchi 4. in each lung sm. amounts of cartilage D. tertiary bronchi 5. many small tubes, smooth muscle E. trachea |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 840 in book 1-E 2-B 3-C 4-D 5-A |
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Term
Matching 1. partially saturated hemoglobin A. gas exchange in lungs 2. saturated hemoglobin B. gas exchange in the tissues 3. O2 in the process of combining with heme groups C. 1, 2, or 3 O2 molecules are bound to heme groups 4. O2 leaving heme groups D. 4 O2 molecules to heme |
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Definition
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|
Term
About 20% of CO2 in transported in the blood as A. carbinohemoglobin B. H+ ions C. dissolved gas in the plasma D. oxyhemoglobin E. (HCO3-) ions |
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Definition
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Term
Which is Not a direct function of the respiratory system A. external respiration B. internal respiration C. contraction of the diaphragm D. inspiration E. expiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which is not performed by the respiratory system A. breathing B. pulmonary ventilation C. external respiration D. internal respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the loudness of your voice depends on the vocal cords? |
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Definition
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Term
All would diminish lung capacity except A. chronic inflammation B. An increase in alveolar tension C. tuberculosis D. Increase in the production of surfactant |
|
Definition
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|
Term
true or false External respiration refers to gas exchange between blood and alveoli |
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Definition
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Term
Define A. tidal volume B. inspiratory reserve volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. residual volume E. vital capacity F. total lung capacity G. Be able to identify these on a graph |
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Definition
A. normal breathing B. The amount of air that can forcibly be inspired beyond tidal volume C. The amount of air that can be evacuated beyond tidal volume D. What always remains in the lungs E. The amount of exchangable air F. The sum of all lung volumes |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? |
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Definition
page 50 in notes A. nasopharynx=pharyngeal tonsils(adenoids) B. oropharynx=uvula, palatine, and lingual tonsils C. laryngopharynx=posterior portion of the throat as it connects to the larynx |
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Term
Which bout the respiratory tract is true? A. The vocal folds are located in the trachea B. The opening of the larynx is the glottis C. The trachea is primarily composed of smooth muscle D. The epiglottis covers the opening of the esophagus during swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue is the trachea lined with? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the parietal and visceral pleura |
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Term
| Describe parietal and visceral pleura |
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Definition
Both are simple squamous parietal=covers the thoracic wall visceral=lines the lungs |
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Term
| Describe the events that occur during external respiration |
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Definition
Gas exchange takes place between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. O2 uptake and binding to hemoglobin in RBC's, CO2 exchange(unloading) is occuring equally as fast. O2 Loading in alveoli pp of O2=105 mm Hg in blood ppof O2=40 mm Hg CO2 unloading in blood pp of CO2=45 mm Hg in alveoli pp of CO2=40mm Hg |
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Term
| Which way is Os diffusing? CO2? |
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Definition
O2 from alveoli to blood CO2 from blood to alveoli |
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Term
| How does internal respiration work? |
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Definition
O2 diffuses from blood to tissues Co2 diffuses from tissues to blood |
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Term
| What is internal respiration |
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Definition
| Gas exchang between capillaries and tissues |
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Term
| Which phase is active, and which is passive? |
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Definition
active=inspiration passive=expiration |
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Term
| Define external respiration |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the events that occur during inspiration What happens to intrapleural pressure? What happens to alveolar pressure? |
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Definition
This is the active phase 1. The thoracic cavity expands 2. intrapleural pressure decreases 3. pleura is pulled outward 4. compliance takes place 5. alveolar pressure then decreases and intercostals relax |
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Term
Describe the events that occur during expiration What happens to intrapleural pressure? What happens to alveolar pressure? |
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Definition
This is the passive phase 1. Intercostal muscles relax 2. The ribcage descends 3. alveolar pressure increases 4. intrapleural pressure increases |
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Term
What is the conversion equation for CO2? |
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Definition
CO2+H20=H2CO3=HCO3-+H This is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase |
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Term
Damage to which of the following would likely result in cessation of breathing? a) the pontine respiratory group b) the ventral respiratory group of the medulla c) the stretch receptors in the lungs d) the sorsal respiratory group of the medulla |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 868 in book B |
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Term
How do each of the following play a role in controlling respiration? a. aortic and carotid bodies b. respiratory centers in the medulla and pons c. list other influences on respiration that were discussed in class |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 868 in book a. chemoreceptors, monitor blood as it flows b. voluntary control of breathing, the cerebral motor cortex sends signal to the motor neurons |
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Term
Matching 1. chronic bronchitis A. Associated with smoking, cells mutate 2. emphysema B. Inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus, constant coughing 3. asthma C. Characterized by coughing, wheezing etc. 4. lung cancer D. alveoli damaged;lungs lose elasiciity |
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Definition
pages 56 and 57 in notes pages 871 and 872 in book 1-B 2-D 3-C 4-A |
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Term
| Define apnea, dyspnea, and hypernea |
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Definition
apnea=skipped breaths dyspnea=shortness of breath hypernea=increased rate of breathing |
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Term
Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest A. Vital Capacity B. Inspiratory capacity C. Tidal Volume D. Expiratory Reserve Volume E. Reserve Volume |
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Definition
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|
Term
Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack may cause a person to faint due to A. Increasing CO2 levels due to an increase in cellular respiration, and a decrease in brain perfusion, causing ischemia B. Decreasing CO2 levels in the blood and constant constriction of cerebral blood vessels C. Affects of increased O2 levels in the blood and constriction of cerebral blood vessels D. Decreasing O2 levels in blood causing cells not to have enough ATP |
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Definition
page 866 in book page 56 in notes B |
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Term
| What causes hyperventilation? |
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Definition
page 56 in notes page 866 in book Deep, rapid breathing Blowing out more than normal CO2 |
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Term
Which of these describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercises A. anoxia B. hypoxia C. hypercapnea D. hypernea E. hyperventilation |
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Definition
page 56 in notes page 869 in book D |
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Term
Which controls respiratory rates? A. medulla B. alveolar sacs C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex E. pons |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 863 in book A |
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Term
Describe the following respiratory conditions A. chronic bronchitis B. emphysema C. asthma D. pneumonia E. pulmonary edema F. tuberculosis G. cystic fibrosis |
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Definition
A. excess mucus secretion;chronic coughing B. alveoli damaged, lungs lose elasticity C. allegen over produces histamines,bronchiole constriction D. acute bacterial, excess mucus in alveoli, not conducive to gas exchange E. accumulation of fluid within lungs, can be due to heart disease F. bacteria invade the lungs, your immune system tries to take care it by forming scar tissue, it is very contagious G. genetic, it affects the lungs and digestive organs. This is genetic it a dominant mutation, there is continuous mucus in the alveoli |
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Term
What is COPD? What is SARS? |
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Definition
page 56 in notes COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease #1 cause is smoking SARS=Severe acute respiratory syndrome it is very contagious, it is either bacterial or viral |
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Term
| What are 6 things that influence respiration? |
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Definition
page 56 in notes 1. baroreceptors(stretch on lungs), Hering-Breuer reflex ,prevents the lung from over inflating 2. limbic system 3. temperature 4. pain 5. irritation 6. blood pressure |
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Term
The trachea is lined with: a) Simple squamous epithelium b) Stratified squamous epithelium c) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium d) Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 838 in book C |
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Term
The vocal folds (cords) are located within the: a) nasal cavity b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 835 in book B |
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Term
Which of the folowing statements is FALSE? a) The cricoid cartilage connects the trachea and larynx b) The epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing c) The glottis is the opening to the pharynx d) The arytenoid cartilage helps control the vocal cords |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 837 in book C |
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Term
Which of the following statements about internal respiration is TRUE? a) CO2 diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli b) O2 diffuses out of the blood into the systemic tissues c) O2 diffuses out of the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries d) Both a and c |
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Definition
page 54 in notes page 848 in book B |
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Term
During normal expiration (exhalation): a) The diaphragm relaxes b) alveolar pressure increase above atmospheric pressure c) intrapleural pressure increases above atmosperic pressure d) only a and b |
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Definition
page 52 in notes page 849 in book E |
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Term
The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as: a) partial pressure of CO2 in the blood increases b) the H+ concentration decreases c) temperature decreases d) all of the above |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 862 in book A |
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Term
Compliance specifically refers to: a) airway resistance b) pressure changes in the thoracic cavity c) bronciole diameter d) lung elasticity |
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Definition
page 53 in notes page 851 in book D |
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Term
CO2 is primarily transported in the blood: a) bound to hemoglobin b) dissolved in blood plasma c) bound to erythrocytes d) as bicarbonate ions |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 863 in book D |
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Term
The palatine tonsils are located in the nasopharynx a) true b) false |
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Definition
page 50 in notes page 835 in book B |
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Term
As the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood increases: a) The pH of the blood decreases b) Hemoglobin's affinity for O2 decreases c) Hemoblobin becomes more saturated with O2 d) None of the above |
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Definition
page 55 in notes page 846 in book C |
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