Term
| Types of eukocytes (white blood cells) |
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Definition
| Types of eukocytes: eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil (all named for types of stains they attract), monocytes, and lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry oxygen. Mammalian RBCs are only vertebrates with non-nucleated RBCs. Carry hemoglobin and last about 120 days. |
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Term
| What is anemia? How is it measured? What is hematocrit? |
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Definition
Low red blood cell count. Typically measured by spinning blood in a centrifuge so the red blood cells are pushed to the base of the test tube.
Hematocrit: Percentage of RBCs in your blood. |
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Term
| open and closed circulatory system (and example of each) |
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Definition
Closed: blood normally never leaves blood vessels. Advantages: efficient in circulating blood through the body. Disadvantages: need heart or hearts to pump blood through the system. Examples: cephalopods, annelids, humans
Open System: Used to transport blood fairly short distances. For the most part, just flows through. Advantages: lower energy cost, does not necessarily need vessels or hearts. Examples: arthropods |
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Term
| Structure of heart and circulation events in fish |
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Definition
Form and function of fish heart:
2 chambered heart. Blood flows from capillaries in gills to heart to body.
Second set of capillaries in the flesh. |
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Term
| Structure of heart and circulation events in amphibians |
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Definition
Salamander: 3 chambered heart (also many reptiles). Right and left atrium, common ventricle. Blood comes from body to right atrium, goes into central ventricle, some gets pumped through spiral valve to lungs. Blood goes through conus arteriosis to body.
Not 100% efficient, some deoxygenated blood remains and is intermixed with the newly oxygenated blood. |
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Term
| Structure of heart and circulation events in mammals |
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Definition
| 4 chambered, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
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Term
| What are the basic elements of blood? |
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Definition
Eukocytes (white blood cells): less than 1% of blood.
Red blood cells: 45% of blood volume
Platelets: portions and fragments of cells, used for clotting
Fluid: has a lot of sodium and chlorides. |
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Term
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Definition
| when cancer cells move from one are to another. Usually spreads through lymphatic system. |
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Term
| Function of gills as respiratory organs. |
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Definition
Gills: Evaginations of body (expanded outward). Bony fish have operculum. When mouth is open, operculum is closed. Pulls water across gills, expands operculum cavity.
When mouth is closed, operculum is open, pushes water across gills, shrinking operculum cavity. |
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Term
| Function of a myogenic heart (i.e., sinotrial and atroventricular nodes) |
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Definition
Is capable of beating via localized control.
Sinoatrial node: impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue. Located in the right atrium of the heart.
Atrioventricular node: part of the electrical system, electrically connects atria and ventricles. |
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Term
| sequence of events in human blood clotting |
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Definition
Tissues contain collagen and blood contains platelets. When the tissues break, the collagen is released. Platelets encounter collagen and become sticky.
Platelets release platelet thromboplastin and tissues release tissue thromboplastin.
This activates protein clotting factors in the blood. The thromboplastin is converted into prothrombin.
Prothrombin becomes thrombin, which activates fibrinogen, converting it into fibrin. |
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Term
| function and structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries in circulatory systems. |
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Definition
Arteries: bring blood away from the heart. Thin layer of connective tissue. Thick layer of circular smooth muscle. Ribbed elastic membrane.
Arterioles (smaller) actually connect to the capillaries.
Veins: Thick layer of connective tissue, thin layer of circular smooth muscle. Smooth elastic membrane.
Both have endothelial cell layer in middle.
Capillaries: At their thinnest, typically as thin as a single blood cell. Typically under control of involuntary muscle. Have sphincters that control movement of fluid in and out.
If hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure, net movement of fluid is out of capillary. If osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, net movement is into capillary.
Like leaky soaker hose. |
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Term
| What does the lymphatic system do? Why is it needed? |
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Definition
Primary functions: return of fluid to blood, immune function.
Network of fairly weak tubes, draw excess fluid from cells. Otherwise, fluid stays there, cells swell. Elephantiasis is caused when lymph is blocked and fluid can't return. |
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Term
| Trachae, spiracles, and tracheoles of insects. |
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Definition
Air is drawn in by weakly expanding/contracting exoskeleton. Provide air through the holes in skin (spiracles). They lead to network of trachae (tubes). Near tissues, clump-shaped tracheole cell. Leads to a bunch of tracheoles (look like axon of nerve) that actually connect to tissue.
Oxygen defuses to the tissue due to uneven amounts of oxygen in tissue vs tracheole. |
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Term
| Lungs as respiratory organs. |
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Definition
Lungs: Invagination (expanded inward). Birds have a unique system where there is never any dead space. Takes 2 complete cycles to breathe in and breathe same air out.
Frogs: Do not have a diaphragm. They use their buccal cavity (throat sac, in this case).
2 step process: 1. Close glottis, drop neck down, brings air in through nostrils. 2. Close nostrils, lift neck, open glottis. To breathe out, reverse process. |
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Term
| Process of O2 and CO2 exchange in capillaries, lung alvoeli, and tissues |
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Definition
Only about 5% of CO@ is in solution in the plasma; about 20% of CO@ combines with Hb
In RBC, about 70% of dissolved CO2 is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3) with carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates to H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate). Exchange of HCO3- for Cl-; this removes CO2 and shifts equilibrium. Hb picks up H+
CO2 Transport to lungs
Lower concentration of CO2 in lungs drives HCO3- conversion to H2CO3 with carbonic anhydrase
H2CO3 dissociates to H2O and CO2 and CO2 is released in lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has 4 polypeptides with iron. Each Hb can hold 4 O2 molecules. Increases O2 binding by 60x compared to H2O |
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Term
| Function of hemoglobin in O2 transport and how CO2 is carried as HCO3- ions and how Carbonic Anhydrase functions to facilitate CO2 transport |
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Definition
Lower pH in tissues (more acidic due to larger amounts of CO2 in tissues) leads to lower O2 affinity in Hb.
CO (carbon monoxide) has a 240x greater affinity greater affinity for Hb than O2. In CO poisoning, get carboxyhemoglobin |
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