Term
1st Main Point:
Schizophrenia Is Characterized by: |
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Definition
delusions (fixed, unlikely belief)
hallucinations (perception w/o external stimulation)
disorganized thoughts/behavior/speech
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Term
| Prevalence of Schizophrenia and Onset |
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Definition
1% to 2% of the popluation
onset: late adolescence or early adulthood -- starts earlier in men than in women |
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Term
| What is Rosenhan's Pseudopatient Study? |
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Definition
he sent 12 volunteers in to psychiatric hospitals for schizophrenia, they were diagnosed and hospitalized, and never detected as fakes.
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Term
| Rosenhan's Conclusions about Psychologists: |
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Definition
mental professionals cannot tell "sane" from "insane"
he had concerns because mental illness diagnoses are potentially stigmatizing. |
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Term
Theories About How Schizophrenia Develops:
(3 points) |
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Definition
1. biological theory: oversensitivity to the dopamine neurotransmitters + enlarged cebral ventricals.
2. possible viral exposure: likelihood of developing schizophrenia is higher if you were born in a cold climate during the winter months or if your mother had influenza while pregnant.
3. low socioeconomic status: people of low status 9x more likely to develop schizophrenia, perhaps because of illness, also perhaps because of stress factors. (causes "downward drift") |
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Term
2nd Main Point
Depression: How Does it Develop?
(3 points) |
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Definition
1. Psychodynamic Theory: children w/o breast feeding become overly dependent on others and over-react when relationships end.
2. Cognitive Theory: negative cognitive schema exaggerates negative life events and precipitates depression.
3. depressive and manic episodes are triggered by environment: negative and positive life events. |
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Term
3rd Main Point
Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders:
(3 points) |
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Definition
1. intense irrational fear, anxiety and/or worry that significantly disrupts normal life activities.
2. awareness that the fear is irrational (awareness does not diminish the fear)
3. physical symptoms (heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, nausea, dizziness, difficulty sleeping, fear of dying)
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Term
Characteristics of Unipolar Depression:
(9 points) |
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Definition
1. prolonged sadness
2. prolonged apathy
3. weight loss/gain
4. sleep symptoms
5. excessive fatigue
6. worthlessness
7. inappropriate guilt
8. poor concentration
9. death preoccupation |
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Term
Characteristics of Bipolar Depression:
(5 points) |
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Definition
1. Cycles of unipolar depression AND:
2. "mania" (elated and/or irritable mood)
3. rapid and shifting thought/speech
4. excessive energy (e.g., not sleeping)
5. dangerously reduced inhibitions |
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Term
Prevalence of Mood Disorders, Comorbidities, and Personality of (victims?):
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Definition
unipolar prevalence: 17% of americans
more common in women (20-25% ) than men (7-12%)
vary by region, higher in low socioeconomic status groups.
bipolar depression: 4% of americans
rates higher in high socioeconomic status groups.
unipolar comorbidities: anxiety disorders, substance use.
bipolar comorbidities: substance use (60%), suicide (20%)
personalities: neurotic personalities are at greater risk for both unipolar and bipolar depression. |
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Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Characteristic:
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Definition
| excessive nonspecific worry |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Characteristic: |
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Definition
| excessive specific worry followed by uncontrollable behaviors to prevent feared outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of specific objects, places or situations |
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Term
| Panic Disorder Characteristic: |
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Definition
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Term
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological Evidence of PTSD: |
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Definition
| study on habituation of startle response, controls slowly habituated to multiple exposures to the same startle response, while patients with PTSD did not. |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Anxiety Disorders:
(psychodynamic and behavioral) |
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Definition
psychodynamic: anxiety symbolizes unconscious conflict (hans feared horses because they remind him of his father, and he fears his father)
behavioral: anxiety is learned (albert developed fear of rats and other white fuzzy objects through classical conditioning) |
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Term
Cluster "A" of Personality Disorders
(Odd-Eccentric) |
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Definition
paranoid - distrust, suspicious
schizoid - detached, restricted emotion
schizotypical - odd thinking perception, eccentric behavior |
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Term
Cluster "B" of Personality Disorders
( Dramatic - Erratic) |
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Definition
Antisocial - crimes against others w/o remorse.
Histrionic - excessive emotionality and attention seeking behavior.
Narcissistic - grandiosity and need for attention |
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Term
Cluster "C" of Personality Disorders
( Anxious - Fearful) |
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Definition
Avoidant - socially inhibited, feelings of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism
Dependent - submissive, clinging behavior
Obsessive-Compulsive - overly neat, perfectionistic, controlling. |
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Term
Multiaxal Diagnosis
(5 axes) |
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Definition
Axis I. main psychiatric diagnosis
Axis II. personality disorder
Axis III. medical conditions
Axis IV. social context problems
Axis V. routine of global functioning |
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Term
| Pros and Cons of Diagnosis |
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Definition
Pros:
1. treatment and planning
2. research
3. legal decisions
4. reimbursment
Cons:
1. labeling/ stigma
2. sub-threshold cases
3. comobidity
4. denial of reimbursement |
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Term
The "Four" "D"s
of Disorganized Behavior |
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Definition
Distress
Dysfunction
(feelings of) Doom
NOT Devience |
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