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| is defined as a visible cluster of bacteria growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, theoretically cultured from a single cell. |
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| is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. |
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| Used in experiment to figure out where information is stored |
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| is a piece of equipment, generally driven by an electric motor (some older models were spun by hand), that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis |
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| where the dna is in a virus |
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| surrounds and protects the virus |
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| refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary structure, and is a fundamental component in determining its tertiary structure. The term entered popular culture with the publication in 1968 of The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, by James Watson. |
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| A-T, G-C. always go toghether.two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds |
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| 5' and 3' positions on ribose |
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| DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase and the enzyme DNA polymerase |
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| a form of DNA that is found in viruses, bacteria and archaea as well as in eukaryotic cells in the form of either mitochondrial DNA or plastid DNA. |
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| particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. |
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| a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching "prongs", each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates. The templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template. |
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| is a nucleoside with three phosphates. |
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| molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand |
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| an RNAP enzyme involved in the replication of DNA |
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| a special type of ligase, which is an enzyme (EC 6.5.1.1) that in the cell repairs single-stranded discontinuities in double stranded DNA molecules, in simple words strands that have double-strand break (a break in both complementary strands of DNA). |
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| class of enzymes vital to all living organisms. They are motor proteins that move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands (i.e., DNA, RNA, or RNA-DNA hybrid) using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. |
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| Single stranded binding protein |
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| binds to single stranded regions of DNA to prevent premature annealing. The strands have a natural tendency to revert to the duplex form, but SSB binds to the single strands, keeping them separate and allowing the DNA replication machinery to perform its function. |
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he template strand of the DNA double helix so that the replication fork moves along it in the 3' to 5' direction. This allows the new strand synthesized complementary to it to be synthesized 5' to 3' in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork.
On the leading strand, a polymerase "reads" the DNA and adds nucleotides to it continuously. This polymerase is DNA polymerase III (DNA Pol III) in prokaryotes and presumably Pol ε[11][12] in eukaryotes. |
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trand of the template DNA double helix that is oriented so that the replication fork moves along it in a 5' to 3' manner. Because of its orientation, opposite to the working orientation of DNA polymerase III, which moves on a template in a 3' to 5' manner, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated than that of the leading strand.
On the lagging strand, primase "reads" the DNA and adds RNA to it in short, separated segments. |
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| A short sequence (of RNA or DNA) from which DNA replication can initiate. |
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| Excision repair mechanisms that remove the damaged nucleotide replacing it with an undamaged nucleotide complementary to the nucleotide in the undamaged DNA strand. These include: |
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