Term
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Definition
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which you are open to new experiences or prefer routine |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which you are tidy or impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which you are sociable or reserved |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which you are trusting or uncooperative |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which you are calm or insecure |
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Term
How Did Scientists Come Up with the Big 5?
(3 steps) |
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Definition
1. self-reported descriptors of people
2. character descriptors of same people
3. factor analysis |
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Term
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Definition
a statistical method used to identify clusters or correlated test items that measure some common quality
(image: water and flour) |
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Term
What Makes the Big 5 "BIG"?
(5 points) |
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Definition
1. Big 5 underlies most personality measures (Periodic Table of Personality)
2. longitudinal research shows relative stability of factors over a person's lifetime
3. Some evidence of universality
4. evolutionary considerations regarding universality and stability
6. traits are highly heritable |
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Term
2nd Main Point
Role of Environment/ Situation |
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Definition
parents can affect children + vice versa
Mischel's trait measures
Shoda's Study |
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Term
| What Happens to a Highly Tempermental Child With a High-Strung Parent? |
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Definition
| parent withdraws from child, child becomes emotionally "neurotic" |
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Term
| What Happens to a Highly Tempermental Child with a Easy-Going Parent? |
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Definition
| parent persists in showing affection even when child holds back: child becomes emotionally stable and responsive. |
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Term
| What Does the Highly Tempermental Child Study Show? |
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Definition
| situations can highly affect personality, both positively and negatively. |
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Term
| Mischel's Trait Measures Theory: |
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Definition
1. trait measures predict how many people score on similar personality trait measures, but poorly predict actual behavior in specific situations.
2. correlation between trait measures and behavior rarely greater than .30
3. Behavior Signatures |
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Term
| Shoda's Behavior Signature Study Shows What? |
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Definition
| that aggression level changes with situation, but does not vary greatly with time. |
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Term
4th Main Point
What Are the Qualities of an Emic Approach to Personality Testing. |
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Definition
Emic= insider's view
- takes into account aspects of psychological functioning that differ across cultures.
- takes into account truths and principles that are culture=specific.
- relies on indigenous measures or models. |
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Term
| What Are the Qualities of an Etic Approach to Personality Testing? |
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Definition
Etic = outsider's view
- takes into account universal "truths" or principles.
- relies on "imported" indices of models that are tested in other cultural groups. |
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Term
4th Main Point
Collectivistic Cultures Have:
(2 points) |
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Definition
1. heightened awareness of interconnectedness
2. emphasis on harmony, obedience, obligation and reciprocity |
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Term
Individualistic Cultures Have:
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Definition
| Emphasis on Self-Reliance, Solitude, and Personal Saving |
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Term
Limitations to the Big 5:
(2 points) |
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Definition
1. trait measures do not predict behaviors well, especially in collectivistic cultures.
2. "cultural distance factor": Big 5 works well for Western Cultures, where trait adjectives are similar to the US. |
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Term
5th Main Point
Marcia's Model: What is it? |
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Definition
a model to assess identity status.
individuals classified according to where they fall in two dimensions
commitment
and
exploration |
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Term
What is "achievement"
in Marcia's Model?
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Definition
| a state of having made a commitment to something after exploring other possibilities |
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Term
What is "moratorium"
in Marcia's Model? |
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Definition
| a state of continual exploration w/o making a commitment to any of the possibilities. |
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Term
What is "foreclosure"
in Marcia's Model? |
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Definition
| a state of having committed to something without having explored all possibilities. |
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Term
What is "diffusion"
in Marcia's Model? |
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Definition
| a state of neither exploring nor making any commitments. |
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Term
6th Main Point
Phinney's Model: What is it? |
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Definition
| a model of the stages one goes through to achieve true "ethnic self-identification" |
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Term
| Stage 1 of Phinney's Model Consists of: |
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Definition
a low sense of awareness and understanding of what group membership means:
like "foreclosure" |
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Term
| Stage 2 of Phinney's Model Consists of: |
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Definition
exploring the meanings of group membership:
like "moratorium" |
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Term
| Stage 3 of Phinney's Model Consists of: |
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Definition
commitment and understanding of self as one of a group:
like "achievement" |
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Term
| 3 Aspects of "Ethnic Self-Identification" |
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Definition
1. choice between :
national identification
compound national identification
pan-ethnic identification
and
multiethnic identification
2. developed sense of ethnic identity through exploration.
3. sense of belonging to one's ethnic group. |
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