Term
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Definition
DNA: exon, intron, exon, intron, exon.
mRNA: exon (w/ 5' UTR), exon, exon (w/ 3' UTR).
Protein: corresponds to exon (w/out UTR), exon, exon (w/out UTR). |
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Term
| Characteristics of average human gene |
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Definition
9 exons (2500 bp), 8 introns (27,000 bp).
20% of genome = genes incl. introns, 80% = intragenic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some encode RNA/protein, especially non-coding regulatory RNAs (microRNAs). Regulatory roles = transcription, alt. splicing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many different mRNAs can be formed from the same DNA pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA exons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. mRNA exonds: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 OR 1, 3, 5, 6 OR 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. mRNAs/gene = 2-thousands. |
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Term
| Repetitive sequences in human genome |
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Definition
| Simple-sequence repeats: 10% of genome, repeated in tandem up to thousands of times, role in chromosome structure. Retrotransposons: LINEs = 21% of genome, SINEs = 13% of genome, retrovirus-like elements = 8% of genome. DNA transposons = 3% of genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| GC bps are heavier by 1 dalton than AT bps. If you put a sequence through a density gradient you can see which bands are heavier/lighter and which are made of either CG or AT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single elements dispersed throughout genome. Retro-: LINEs = 1-6 kb, SINEs = 100-300 bp, Retrovirus-like elements = 2-10 kb, DNA transposons = 100-3000 bp. |
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Term
| Movement of retrotransposons |
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Definition
| In DNA, transcribed to RNA, reverse transcription creats DNA from that RNA, cDNA is integrated at new chromosomal site. |
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Term
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Definition
| At least 20,000 in human genome, more than functional genes. No longer expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-50 kb segments, duplicates ~5% of human genome. Plants have duplicates of whole genome. If duplicated by reverse transcription it's a processed pseudogene. |
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Term
| Formation of processed pseudogene |
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Definition
| Gene: exon, intron, exon, intron, exon. mRNA: exon, exon, exon. Reverse transcribe the mRNA into a new site, becomes a processed pseudogene. 2/3 human pseudogenes = processed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processed retrotransposon that's not a pseudogene because it is newly integrated into a LINE and this inhibits cell growth prematurely so it's functional. |
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Term
| Composition of human genome |
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Definition
| Repetitive sequences = 60%. Introns = 20%. Pseudogenes, nonrepetitive flanking sequences, untranslated exons = 20%. Coding sequence = ~1%. BUT 60-80% DNA is transcribed so they're mostly non-coding RNAs that regulate expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| E. coli = 4.6 mil bp, 4300 genes. Yeast = 12 mil bp, 6000 genes. Human = 3 bil bp, 20-25,000 genes. Apple = 740 mil bp, 57,000 genes. |
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Term
| Evo of sequenced vertebrates |
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Definition
| Animals w/ closest # of genes = most closely related in evo. |
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Term
| What % of genes is common to human, mouse, and rat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do dogs show such phenotype-genotype similarity among breeds? |
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Definition
| Inbreeding gets rid of much of the variety that exists among humans. Able to test a few dogs and get an average, but must test thousands of humans to get an average. |
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Term
| Chimp and human genomes are how identical? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long would human DNA be stretched out? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 166 bp DNA wrapped around histone core & bound by linker histone H1. |
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Term
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Definition
| Package DNA. Mods of histones = critical in eukaryotic transcription regulation |
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