Term
| Why is hypovitaminosis A important in birds? |
|
Definition
-essential for maintaining surface epithelium
-important for bone growth and maintaining eye pigments |
|
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Term
| What are the common issues with hypovitaminosis A? |
|
Definition
-when mucus is not secreted properly, the membranes become subject to infections
-usually die from secondary infections |
|
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Term
| What kind of diet usually results in hypovitaminosis A? |
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Definition
| -all seed diets: especially peanuts and sunflower seeds |
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Term
| What food are high in vitamin A? |
|
Definition
-apricots
-broccoli
-cnataloupe
-carrots
-collard greens
-mango
-nectarines
-parsley
-peaches
-sweet potatoes
-spinach
-turnip greens
-yellow squash |
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Term
| What is proventricular dilatation disease? |
|
Definition
-fairly common, mostly in parrots
-contagious and can result in high mortality |
|
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Term
| What are the symptoms of proventricular dilatation disease? |
|
Definition
-undigested seeds in feces and frequent regurgitation (most common)
-weight loss
-CNS involvment: ataxia, seizures
-depression |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of proventricular dilatation disease? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the most common parasite of birds? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How is trichomonas transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -to raptors when fed pigeosn |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for trichomonas? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What causes sour crop? What are the other names for it? |
|
Definition
-bacteria, fungi, obstructions, hand rrearing (food the wrong temp)
-aka crop stasis, crop impaction |
|
|
Term
| What causes foreign body ingestion? |
|
Definition
| -birds are sometimes indiscriminate eaters |
|
|
Term
| Why are avian oral cavities different colors? |
|
Definition
| -for identification of babies in nests |
|
|
Term
| Do birds have taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where are salivary glands found in the avian oral cavity? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the papilla? What do they look like? If they are blunt and white what does it mean? |
|
Definition
-mechanical swallowing aids
-usually sharp and pinkish
-vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
Term
| How is the avian tongue different from the mammalian tongue? |
|
Definition
-no muscular tongue
-thus drink differently |
|
|
Term
| What is the choana? What should they look like? |
|
Definition
-connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity
-should have sharp clear edges in healthy birds |
|
|
Term
| How do birds keep from aspirating through the choana? |
|
Definition
| -they have mm that close it during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance fo the choana? |
|
Definition
| -appearance can indicate sinus infections |
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Term
| What does the laryngeal mound do? |
|
Definition
| -closes glottis during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the laryngeal mound with vitamin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
| -can swell and cause suffocation |
|
|
Term
| What is the infundibular cleft? |
|
Definition
| -connects with eustachian tubes to equalize rpessure |
|
|
Term
| What happens to infundibular cleft during infection? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| HOw does the avian esophagus compare the the mammalian esophagus? Why? |
|
Definition
-proportionally larger
-because they don't chew their food |
|
|
Term
| What is the crop? What is its purpose? |
|
Definition
-specialized esophageal diverticulum
-for food storage only |
|
|
Term
| Which type of birds do not have a crop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of regurgitation from the crop? |
|
Definition
| -for defense and to lose weight fast to gain flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -desquamization of the epi in the crop that is very rich in fat and protein |
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Term
| What is the proventriculis? What is its purpose? |
|
Definition
-comparable to the glandular stomach of mammals
-most well developed in predatory birds |
|
|
Term
| What is the gizzard? What is its purpose? |
|
Definition
-repalces molars in birds
-covered in koilon to protect mm from ulceration
-crushes good |
|
|
Term
| Describe the glandular components of the gizzard. |
|
Definition
| -contain chiefe cells that rpoduce pepsin |
|
|
Term
| What are pellets/castings? Which birds produce these? |
|
Definition
-pellets of regurgitated food that are formed in the gizzard
=raptors |
|
|
Term
| How is the avian spleen special? |
|
Definition
| -dark in color and spherical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -chamber that receives terminal parts of the urogenital and digestive systems |
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|
Term
| What are the three components of the cloaca? |
|
Definition
-copradeum: most cranial and largest, receives feces from the LI
-Urodeum: receives deferent duct, left oviduct and ureters and products of kidneys
-Proctodeum: most caudal chamber |
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|
Term
| What is the avian bursa of fabricius? When does it atrophy? |
|
Definition
-lymphatic organ important in immune system of young birds
-atrophies after 5-6 months |
|
|
Term
| Why do birds need such a specialized respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| -to fly at very high altitudes |
|
|
Term
| How do inspire without a diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| -they have a billows-like system |
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|
Term
| Grossly, describe an avian lung. |
|
Definition
-feels like a sponge
-bright reddish orange in color |
|
|
Term
| Mammalian lungs have a bidirecitonal air flow. Is this also true in birds? |
|
Definition
| -NO, BIRDS HAVE A ONE-WAY AIR FLOW |
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|
Term
| Mammals have some dead air in the alveoli. Is this also true in birds? |
|
Definition
| -NO, no residual air is ever in avian lungs |
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|
Term
| Mammalian lungs inflate during inspiration. Is this also true in birds? |
|
Definition
| -NO, lungs inflate during expiration |
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|
Term
| Mammals have a one breath cycle. Is this also true in birds? |
|
Definition
| -NO, birds have a two breath cycle |
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|
Term
| Mammals do not have a counter current exchange system. Do birds? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Mammals are not efficient at high altitudes. IS this also true in birds? |
|
Definition
| -NO, birds' unique resp systems allows them to be very efficient at high altitudes |
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