Term
Identify the six major parts of a tree in cross-section from the inside out:
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Definition
pith-the center of the tree and the first year of growth
heartwood-old xylem that gives the tree support, usually a darker color than the sapwood
sapwood-current xylem that carries water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves of the tree
cambium-a zone of cells along the inner bark that produces the xylem and phloem
inner bark-phloem that carries sugar from the leaves down to the roots of the tree
outer bark-protects tree from insects, disease, and weather
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Term
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Definition
| Xylem (sapwood) is the tissue that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the actively photosynthesizing parts of the tree. It is made up of mostly dead cells and provides support for the tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phloem (inner bark) is the tissue that transports sugars from the leaves of the tree to the roots and active growing sites. Phloem cells are alive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cambium (also called vascular cambium) is a very thin layer between the xylem and phloem where xylem, phloem, and cambium cells are made. |
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Term
| name the three general type of root systems found in trees: |
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Definition
| taproot, flat root,and heart root |
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Term
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Definition
| Tap roots are long, thick, deep roots that go straight down into the ground. They are common in hickories, white oak, walnuts, and hornbeams. Taproots increase a tree's stablility and access to deep water. They are commonly formed in well-drained sandy soils where water is deeper down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat roots are shallow and spreading, with most being in the top 18 inches of soil. Flat roots are common in birches, spruces, firs, and sugar maples. Flat root systems are common in clay and clay-loam soils where water doesn't drain as well. Trees with flat root systems are more susceptible to blow down. |
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Term
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Definition
| A heart root is a cross between a tap root and a flat root system. Heart roots are common in red oak, basswood, pines and sycamores. Heart roots contain 2-3 main large deep roots and many shallow lateral roots coming off of them. |
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