Term
| mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane. the inner membrane is formed into.. |
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Definition
Cristae.!
Mitochondria change their positions inside the cells and are moved microtubules of cytoskeleton |
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Term
| the outer membrane's major protein component form large non-specific aq. channels (PORES) through the outer membrane..what is this protein called? |
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Definition
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Term
Where does the location of electron transport take place?
a. outer membrane?
b. inner membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
inner membrane is formed into cristae what does this do?
a. form a pretty pattern for viewing under microscope?
b. increase the surface area? |
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Definition
B. increase surface area.
Extra info: inner membrane impermeable to most small ions including Hydrogen ions due to lipid called CARDIOLIPN |
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Term
| Name 3 major membrane complexes in the inner membrane |
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Definition
1. electron transport chain components
2. ATP Synthase - generates ATP using Hydrogen ion gradient
3. specific transporters which move metabolites in and out the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
true or false?
the matrix contains ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA and enzymes that catalyse Krebs cycle and fatty acide oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does ATP Synthase generate ATP? |
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Definition
| ETC pumps hydrogen ions across the inner membrane..generates ion gradient..used by ATP Synthase to make ATP |
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Term
true or false?
the ETC powers ATP Synthesis directly? |
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Definition
False! Gotcha!
ETC pumps hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creating ion gradient that is used by ATP Synthase to synthesise ATP. It INDIRECTLY powers this synthesis
ATP generated via CHEMIOSMOSIS |
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Term
| in ETC transfer of electrons from one reactant to another causes the reactants to gain AND then lose the electron. This is known as a oxidation reaction or a redox reaction? |
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Definition
| Redox reaction as they are reduced when accepting the electron but oxidised when they lose the electron. This process is associated with energy release |
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Term
true or false?
Electrons collected by NAD & FAD durings Krebs are transferred to the ETC? |
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Definition
True.
the electron is passed down the ETC to its downhill neighbour who always has a higher affinity for the electron. this passing down from member to member is known as a REDOX reaction |
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Term
True or False?
the first molecule in the ETC is a flavoprotein? |
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Definition
true.
this is so because its prosthetic group is a flavin mononuleotide |
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Term
From flavoprotein electron then goes to..
a. iron-sulphur protein?
b. ubiquinone?
c. cytochromes?
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Definition
a. iron-sulphur protein
the sequence follows..
flavoprotein > iron-sulphur protein> ubiquinone> cytochromes |
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Term
true or false?
the prosthetic groups of cytochromes have two organic rings surrounding an iron atom? |
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Definition
False!
they have FOUR organic rings like haemoglibin only the iron transports ELECTRONS not oxygen |
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Term
the last cytochrome..
a.passes its electrons onto oxygen
b. sends them to the beginning of the ETC again |
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Definition
| a. passes its electrons onto oxygen..this then picks up a pair of hydrogen atoms and forms water (H20) |
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Term
True or False?
FADH2 adds electrons to a higher energy than NADH? |
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Definition
False!
It adds electrons to a lower energy. FADH2 adds electrons direct to UBIQUINONE |
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Term
true or false?
cyanide prevents the passage of electrons from cytochrome A3 to oxygen? |
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Definition
True.
extra info: Dinitrophenol (DNP) is something else that makes inner membrane leaky to hydrogen ions..gradient cannot be maintained..ETC still works but energy lost as heat..good for weight loss but ppz can die form HYPERthermia |
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Term
what is brown fat?
a. the type of fat brown people have
b. type of adipose tissue that produces HEAT. |
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Definition
B. adipose tissue that produces heat.
a lot of this shit is found in new born babies.
brown fat has hydrogen channels so when hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane by ETC they leak back without the need for ATP Synthase. .Energy relased as heat..
2,4 DNP induces a similar effect to brown fat |
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Term
True or False?
IVF techniques can avoid passig defective genes to the embryo? |
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Definition
True
The embryo has 3 genetic parents
1. egg nucleus
2.sperm
3.egg mitochondria
can be a forth if you use a surrogate however surrogate dont play part genetically. they just be baking the bun in the oven |
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Term
| name the disease caused by a mitochondrialy mutated tRNA Lys gene OR just say the initials |
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Definition
MERRF
myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber disease.
this is a MULTISYSTEM disease.. primarily affects muscles but also causes epilepsy and general weakness |
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Term
t/f
a few eukaryotic cells obtain ATP through glycolytic fermentation |
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Definition
true
but most get ATP through ETC |
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Term
| mitochondria change their position inside the cells. what moves their positions? |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of the membrane is impermeable to most small ions? |
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Definition
| the inner membrane due to a membrane lipid called CARDIOLIPIN |
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Term
| where are enzymes involved in krebs and fatty acid oxidation found? |
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Definition
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Term
| mitochondrial dna and ribosomes are found in? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does glycolysis take place? |
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Definition
cell cytosol
it releases about a quarter of the energy stored in glucose. most energy stored in pyruvate which enters krebs. the electron carriers NAD and FAD collect electrons and transfer them to ETC |
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Term
| before Kreb cycle begins what happens to pyruvate and what do they lose? |
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Definition
thye are converted to acetyl CoA with the loss of carbon dioxide. 2 carbons enter the cycle as acetyl frgaments and exit as CO2.
most of the energy in the acetate group transfered to ETC by NAD and FAD |
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Term
| most components of the ETC are proteins attached to a prosthetic group. are they also proteins? |
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Definition
| no they are not. they are non protein components essential for the catalytic functions of the ETC |
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Term
| where is oxygen found in the ETC? |
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Definition
| at the bottom of the ETC..it is very electronegative |
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Term
| what is the overall energy drop from NADH to oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
what protein complex has a mushroom like appearance under the electron microscope?
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Definition
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Term
| where does the H ions go from and to? |
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Definition
| From the MATRIX to the INTERMEMBRANE space |
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Term
| is the hydrogen passing back through atp synthase an endothermic reaction or exothermic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| a lot of brown fat is found in babies but is it also present in adults? |
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Definition
| yes it is. it helps to burn up excess dietary calories and prevent weight gain |
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Term
t/f
MERRF affects muscles, causes epilepsy and general weakness? |
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Definition
| this is true it is a multi system condition |
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