Term
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Definition
| atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen - metals and their salts (MgSO4,FeNO3,NaPO4) gases (O2,CO2) and H2O |
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Term
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Definition
contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the
products of living things
-methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
an organism that must obtain carbon in an
organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source - not dependent on other living things |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - Organic |
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Term
| Chemoautotrophs or Lithotrophs |
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Definition
Energy Source - Inorganic
compounds,ex. H2, NH3, NO2,H2S,CO2
Carbon Source - A few bacteria and many |
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Term
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Definition
required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure & metabolism
proteins, carbohydrates |
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Term
| Micronutrients or trace elements |
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Definition
required in small amounts;
involved in enzyme function & maintenance of protein structure
manganese, zinc, nickel |
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Term
| 3 groups of Microbes (based on Temp) |
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Definition
1 Psychrophiles (-10 to 25 degree C)
2 Mesophiles (20 to 50 degree C)
3 Thermophiles (45 to 80 degree C) |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of converting inorganic hydrogen sulfide dissolved from rocks into food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
X-treme Microbe - eating radioactivity
What's the process? |
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Definition
1) H2O is split by radioactivity into H2 + O
2) The detached O atoms combine with H2O to make H2O2(Hydrogen peroxide).
3) The peroxide then reactts with an iron-sulfur compound called pyrite (FeS2) producing sulfate ions (SO4) that the microbes can "eat."
4) Each SO4 is lacking 2 electrons which is supplied inside the organism by the leftover H2. The microbes use that reaction to store energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-lived in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
-absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell; thus the rates of diffusion are equal in both direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the protoplast away from the cell wall; process is known as plasmolysis |
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Term
| Only organism that produce ___ ___ are capable of living in O2 |
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Definition
| Superoxide Desmutase (SOD) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can live in presence or absence of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| dies in presence of O2; form superoxide radicals causing death of organism |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen required in low concentrations |
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Term
| Aerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mircoaerophilic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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Definition
| growth just below surface |
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Term
| Facultative Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerotolerant Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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Definition
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Term
| Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organism live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members. |
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Term
| 3 divisions of Symbiotic Associations |
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Definition
1) Mutualism
2) Commensalism
3) Parasitism |
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Term
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Definition
| Obligatory, dependent; both members benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| The commensal benefits; other member not harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite is dependent and get benefits; host harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |
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Term
| 2 divisions of Nonsymbiotic |
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Definition
1) Synergism
2) Antagonism |
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Term
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Definition
| Members cooperate and share nutrients |
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Term
| Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic) |
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Definition
| Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding organ of the tube worm Riftia (the organ is filled with bacteria) |
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Term
Number of Cells = 2 to the power of n
n - number of generation
ex. 32 cells hass how many generations? |
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Definition
| 5 because 2 to the power of 5 is 32 |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double |
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Term
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Definition
1) Lag Phase
2) Log or Exponential Phase
3) Stationary Phase
4) Death or Logarithmic decline phase |
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Term
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Definition
- cells increase in size
- No cell division
- Increase in metabolic activity
- Synthesis of cell components |
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Term
| Log Phase (Exponential Phase) |
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Definition
- cells dividing at a
constant,exponential maximal rate determined by the organism and
temperature
ex E.coli – 20 min. |
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Term
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Definition
- Accumulation of waste products
- Exhaustion of nutrients
- Decreased growth rate
- Some cells are dying and
some growing – viable
count remains the same |
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Term
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Definition
number of cells dying exceeds number
of new cells formed |
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Term
Subclinical
Clinical Symptoms
Death |
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Definition
Subclinical - small inoculation
Clinical Symptoms - greater innoculum
Death - Large inoculum
it takes about 7 days for antibodies to appear |
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Term
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Definition
| A greenhouse gas and is produced by burning fossil fuel |
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Term
| Quorom Sensing signaling molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients typically develop persistent ___ ____ lung infections that lead to lung failure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)Physical Agents
2)Chemical Agents
3) Mechanical Removal Method |
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Term
| 2 divisions of Physical Agents(Microbial Control) |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical Agent Microbial Control(Heat: 2 ways) |
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Definition
1) Dry (Incineration, Dry Oven)
2) Moist (Sterilization, Disinfectant)
Sterilization - steam under pressure
Disinfectant - boiling H2O, hot H2O, pasteurization |
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Term
| Physical Agent Microbial Control (Radiation: 2 ways) |
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Definition
1) Ionizing - x-ray;cathode,gamma - Sterilization
2) Nonionizing - UV (Disinfectant) |
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Term
| Chemical Agents Microbial Control(2 ways) |
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Definition
1) Gases (Sterilization,Disinfectant)
2) Liquid -
Animate - Antisepsis
Inanimate - Disinfection
Inanimate - Sterilization |
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Term
| Mechanical removal methods(3 ways) |
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Definition
1) Inanimate - Sterilization
2) Animate - Degermation
3) Air and Liquids - Filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| The destruction of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects. |
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Term
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Definition
The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects.
ex. Autoclave-steam under pressure or a sterilizing gas s.a. ethylene oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical and physical methods that reduce the microbial load on the skin. Ex. Mechanical scrubs |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue ex Chemical anti-microbials |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowers microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public levels. ex High temp washing or dipping into a chemical disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits the growth - certain antibiotic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacterial contamination vs. free of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens. Most virus with 10 min |
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Term
| Autoclave - protein denaturation |
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Definition
Most effective. 15 psi pressure at 121 oC. Kills all vegetative cells and
endospores in 15 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
Heat treatment for milk 72oC for 15
sec. Kills pathogens and most nonpathogens |
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Term
| Dry HEAT Hot-air (incineration or oxidation) |
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Definition
| Effective – 120oC for >2 hrs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bacteriostatic effect decreased
chemical reactions |
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Term
| Lyophilization/dessication |
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Definition
| Most effective in Microbial Control |
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Term
| Nonionizing UV (radiation desctruction of DNA) |
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Definition
produced by electric currents passing through special lamps (e.g. mercury-vapor)
it is virtually nonpenetrating and is mainly used to disinfect air and
surfaces; waste water |
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Term
| ionizing (radiation destruction of DNA) |
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Definition
| Gamma rays and high energy electron beam (Drugs and medical supplies; food) |
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Term
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Definition
used in surgical hand scrubs
Binds strongly to skin with low
toxicity
Vegetative cells and viruses with
an envelope |
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Term
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Definition
iodine and chloride
Bacteria, spores, fungi and
viruses
Chlorine active in water as it
forms hypochlorous acid
10% solution in contact with
organisms kills most |
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Term
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Definition
widely used to disinfect swimming pool and drinking water
as the molecule is very reactive with organic matter so it is quickly converted to the more persistent but much less
toxic chloramines |
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Term
| Highest Resistance microbes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pseudomonas sp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus
Protozoan cysts |
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Term
| Least resistance microbes |
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Definition
most vegetative cells
Fungal spores
enveloped viruses
Yeast
Protozoan trophozoites |
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Term
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Definition
| Alkylating agent - disinfectant used to sterilize heat-sensitive objects such as rubber and plastics |
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Term
| Phenolic compounds (lysol, carboloic acid) |
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Definition
Antiseptics at low concentrations;
disinfectant at high concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| disinfectant; kills endospores |
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