- shape

- function

be able to draw and label a cell. including:

- plasma membrane

- nucleus

- endoplasmic reticulum

- golgi apparatus

- mitochondria

- acts like sausage, keeps stuff in cell

- lipids- basic framework of the cell- bilayer of the phospholipid.

- permeable to water, oxygen, co2, but not to sugars, amino acids, ions.-- can get through with special channels.

- hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads.

- contains cholesterol- how stiff it is.

- contains proteins.- intergral, peripheral.

- contain glycoprotiens

- glycoprotein, glycolipids- cell recognition.

- endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

- ribosomes

- golgi apparatus

- mitochondria

- lysosomes

- peroxisomes

- centrosome

- cilia and flagella

- vesicles

- microfilaments and microtubules

- inclusions.

smooth endoplasmic- helps synthesize proteins, and lipids.- no ribosomes attached to it.

rough endoplasmic- synthesize proteins and lipids, with ribosomes attached to it. 

what is the function peroxisomes?

- endo/exocytosis

- contain and move various substances- ex hormones and neurotransmitters.

- involved with mobility

- made of protein

- help move organelles in the cell interior.

substances that connect cells together.

1. tight junctions

2. demosomes

3. gap junctions

- located center of cell

- contains all the DNA of cell

- made up the following:

- nuclear envelope- has nuclear pores- allowd the RNA to leave the nucleus, and the protiens to leave the cytoplasm to get into the nucleus.

- nucleolus- ribosomes synthesized

- chromatin- consists of DNA and protiens.- DNA packaged into chromosome- then condenses and divides.

- nuclear matrix- contians molecules for gene expression.

what is chromatin, and a chromosome?

chromatin- DNA molecules associated with protiens. long molecules- packed into a separate chromosome.

chromosome- condense, allows division, consists of twinned chormatids

1. diffusion

2. osmosis

3. facilitated diffusion

- movement of substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations.

special case of diffusion involving water

goes throught he layer using aquaporins.

goes from high to low concentration.

1. Active transport

2. Endocytosis

3. Exocytosis

- pass from regions of low concentration to high concentraion.- against gradient

- consumes a lot of energy.

- sometimes protiens are involved, but always use ATP.- the proteins and ATP are coupled.

endocytosis- push part of the substance into a vesicle and the moves the the membrane and makes lets it go forming an intracellular vesicle.

1. Phagocytosis- engulfs particles such as bacteria.- releass superoxide that kills the bacteria. then fuses with lysosomes to form phagocytosis.

2. receptor- mediated endocytosis- membrance contains protiens that act as receptors for foreign molecules. pinch to the foreigners and then make an intracellular vesicle.

3. pinocytosis- enclose the substance into a tiny droplet.

- (interphase- NOT INCLUDED)

- prophase

- metaphase

- anaphase

- telophase

Instant Pudding Made Any Time.

- 46 chromosomes visible as chromatids.

- duplicated and joined at centromere

- move to opposite sides of the nucleus

- mitotic spindle assembled attached to  two poles.

- nuclear envelope disappears.

- line up at the equator.

- spindle fibers are attached to the centromeres

- separate the sister chromatids.

- do to opp. poles

- now starting- CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION (cytokinesis.)

- nuclear membranes begin to reform

- cytokinesis is complete.

why do we need cell cycle checkpoints?

- provide time for DNA repair, and DNA editing, also helps to prevent cancer.

- at G1 phase

- G2 phase

- M- phase.

differentiation- when a cell decides what "path" it wants to take and begins to grow into that specialized cell.

gene expression- what the cell turns out to be- genetically. like what features it has, and stuff. (?)- CHECK THIS. 

tumor suppressor gene- INACTIVATION/LOSS of this gene- CAUSES CANCER.- there is one, if a 2nd one is inactivated= cancer.

proto-oncogene- ACTIVATION of this gene-CAUSES CANCER. 

- produce proteins- cell cycle determinants.

- arrest cell division- usually in G1 phase.

- cell time for DNA to repair DNA.

- correct errors from replication.

- during embryotic development- unwanted populations- selectively killed.

- cancer- from failure of apoptosis.

- or abnormal apoptosis- mutations.

DURING:

- cell shrinks and rounds up

- DNA break, chromatin condenses.

- nucleus breaks-- condensed chromatin.

- cell "blebs" developed on surface, break into membrane bound vesicles.

- eaten by macrophages.

- use caspases-- mitochondria plays key role in this.

- proteases

- break down cellular proteins, activate enzumes to break down DNA.

- fragments into large vesicles- eaten by macrophages-- prevent inflammation.

- diff from apoptosis--> ACCIDENTAL cell death.

- suffer from severe damage and sudden injury.

steps:

- cell and mitochondria change shape- swell and lose function.

- membrane breaks down

- cells and organelles undergo lysis.

- substances released- cause inflammation.

- oocyte taken- nucleus removed. (enucleated)

- fused with other nucleus- using electric pulses.

- causes the egg to be reprogrammed and start again.

- cell begins to divide- develops into an animal of the adult.

1. makes them have specific traits we want

2. use animal organs for transplanting.

3. get animals to secrete human proteins- help the sick. "pharm" animals.

4. repair human cells-- use stem cells can make them ANYTHING.