Term
Visual Pathway
Basic Makeup of the Eye |
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Definition
photosensitie layer
(retina)
mechanism to focus images onto it
(cornea and lens) |
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Term
Visual Pathway
Optic Tracts |
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Definition
| right half of both eye signals to the left half of the brain. left eye optic nerves go straight to the back through the visual area of the thalamus and the right eye optic nerves cross the optic chasm to get to the visual area of the thalamus and proceed back. |
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Term
Bigger Concepts (2/6)
Depth Cues |
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Definition
monocular
(static)
(motion-based)
binocular |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Interposition |
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Definition
| when one object covers another, we perceive it as being closer in depth |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Linear Perspective |
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Definition
| created by systematically decreasing the size and spacing between objects that are meant to be farther away |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Relative Size |
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Definition
| in a group of images of the same shape but different sizes, the smaller images tend to look farther away |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Height in the Field |
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Definition
| objects that appear higher in the picture plane tend to be seen as farther away |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Relative Clarity |
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Definition
| objects that appear hazier tend to be perceived as farther away |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Texture Gradient |
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Definition
| uniform elements of texture become smaller and more compressed with distance |
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Term
Depth Cues (Monocular/ Static)
Light and Shadow |
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Definition
| shading adds depth consistent with an assumed light source |
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Term
Depth Cues
Motion Parallax |
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Definition
objects that are closer to us appear to move in the direction opposite to ours; objects farther away appear to do the opposite.
objects that are farther away from us move more slowly than objects that are closer to us |
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Term
Depth Cues
Binocular Disparity |
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Definition
| each eye sees objects as being of a slightly different distance from each other than the other eye. |
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Term
Identifying Objects
Bottom-Up Processing |
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Definition
sensory stimuli combined to create percept
not influenced by expectations or previous learning |
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Term
Identifying Objects
Top-Down Processing |
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Definition
requires high-level general knowledge to interpret
expectations, theories, concepts used |
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Term
Identifying Objects
Gestalt Psychology/ Grouping Principles |
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Definition
emphasis on form rather than intividual components
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" (top-down approach)
overarching principles of form that guide perception:
law of proximity
law of similarity
law of good continuation
law of closure/completion |
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Term
Identifying Objects (Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Law of Proximity |
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Definition
| Things that are close together get grouped together |
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Term
Identifying Objects (Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Law of Similarity |
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Definition
| Things that look the same get grouped together |
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Term
Identifying Objects (Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Law of Good Continuation |
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Definition
Elements that follow in the same direction get grouped together
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Term
Identifying Objects (Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Law of Closure/ Completion |
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Definition
| we tend to see a figure as closed rather than open |
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Term
Identifying Objects
Deficits in Object Recognition |
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Definition
Apperceptive Agnosia
lesions in infero-temporal cortex
can detect differences in wavelength and luminance
BUT cannot detect differences in object shape
(failure to group local features)
Can form fingers to correct orientation in order to grasp
(grouping preserved in action system
BUT cannot recognize objects |
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Term
Identifying Objects
Where/ What System |
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Definition
Dorsal (Where) System:
analysis of motion and spatial relations (from primary visual cortex to parietal lobe)
Ventral (What) System:
analysis of form and color
(primary visual cortex to the temporal lobe) |
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Term
Mental Imagery
Shape Constancy |
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Definition
| an object appears to have the same shape regardless of the angle from which it is viewed |
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Term
Mental Imagery
Law of Visual Angle |
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Definition
| for an object of fixed size, the size of the retinal image is inversely proportional to distance |
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Term
Mental Imagery
Knowledge Representation |
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Definition
two types:
symbolic
abstract
words/propositions/concepts
encodes meaning
analog
resemble whatis presented
mental images
encodes structure |
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Term
Mental Imagery
Image Scaling |
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Definition
as with visual images, our mental images show greater resolution for large objects compared to small ones
in order to look more closely at objects of different sizes, we zoom our focus in and out |
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Term
Mental Imagery
Image Scanning |
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Definition
subjects study fictitious map of island
pretend to go from one object to a second
time to scan was a function of actual distances between objects |
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