Term
| The Optimality Theory states that selection favors behaviors that maximize an individuals ___ and ___. |
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Definition
survival
reproductive success |
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Term
| Altruism ___ the individual's fitness, but ___ the population's fitness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inclusive fitness describes an individual's success at perpetuating its genes through its own offspring and ___. |
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Definition
| its close relative's offspring |
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Term
| The ground squirrel (S. beldingi) has been shown to alert its population of predators when ___. |
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Definition
| it has its own children or its close relatives' children around |
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Term
| Hamilton's Rule states that altruism occurs if B*r>C. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Altruism occurs if B (recipient benefit - how many more offspring will it produce) * r (relatedness - proportion of shared genes) is greater than C (the cost to the actor - how many offspring will it NOT produce as a result of the altruistic behavior). |
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Term
| Florida scrub jays display altruistic behavior when they ___. |
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Definition
| delay their own reproduction to care for siblings |
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Term
| In a eusocial species like those seen in hymenoptera (ex. ___), mole rats, etc. there are some individuals who are ___. Most females do not reproduce, only the ___ do. In eusocial species, male are ___ and result from an unfertilized egg. This causes female sisters to share ___% of chromosomes compared to the normal 50%. |
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Definition
ants
sterile
queens
haploid
75 |
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Term
| A community is made up of ___ which are made up of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1960s, failiure to reverse the loss of prairie ecosystems resulted from poor understanding of ecological communities and ___ (ex. fires). |
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Definition
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Term
| Species richness (S) is determined by counting ___. |
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Definition
| the number of species present in a community |
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Term
| Relative abundance is the percent of ___. |
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Definition
| number of species in question to that of the number of overall individuals in all species in the community |
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Term
| Diversity indices are mathermatical formulas used to ___. Examples are the Shannon (alpha), Sorenson's (beta) and Simpson (gamma) indices. |
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Definition
| quantify community diversity |
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Term
The Shannon Index measures ___(alpha/beta/gamma) diversity and determines the diversity within ___.
The Sorenson's Index measures ___ (alpha/beta/gamma) diversity and determines ___.
The Simpson Index measures ___(alpha/beta/gamma) diversity and measures (from 0 to 1) ___.
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Definition
alpha
a single population or habitat
beta
the change in species composition from one community to another
gamma
the chance that two individuals from a sample will belong to the same species |
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Term
Quat. consumers feed on ___, which feed on ___, which feed on primary consumers, which feed on ___. Primary consumers are ___.
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Definition
tert. consumers
secondary consumers
producers
herbivores |
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Term
| Detritivores feed on ___. |
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Definition
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Term
Producers are also known as ___. Primary consumers are also known as ___. Secondary consumers are also known as ___. Tertiary consumers are also known as ___.
Humans, opposums, crabs and robins are ___. Spiders and wolves are ___. Tuna, falcons and whales are ___. |
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Definition
photosynthesizers
herbivores
primary carnivores
secondary carnivores
omnivores
secondary consumers (primary carnivores)
tertiary consumers (secondary carnivores) |
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Term
| A keystone species has a ___ relative to its abundance. |
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Definition
| disproportionate impact on its community |
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Term
| R. ___ (U Washington) proved that ___ are keystone predators. |
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Definition
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