Term
| Intracellular Environment |
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Definition
| Composed of all of the molecules and organelles within the cell |
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Term
| Extracellular Environment |
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Definition
| Comprises all of the molecules that occur outside of the cell |
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Term
| Negative Feedback Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Abundant in the body and are used by cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to help maintain homeostasis |
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Term
| Positive Feedback Mechanisms |
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Definition
| Typically move the body away from homeostasis. Much less common than negative feedback mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of the genetic material called DNA that contains all of the information to construct and run the body's functions |
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Definition
| Function as miniature factories that have specialized tasks within the cell and essentially create an efficient division of labor within the cell |
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Term
| Selectively Permeable (semi-permeable) Membrains |
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Definition
| Will allow only certain molecules in and out of the cell (usually based on the size of the molecule). |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum total of all chemical reactions in the body. Consists of two types of chemical reactions — catabolism and anabolism |
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Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes and packages proteins inside of the cell before they make their way to their destination |
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Term
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Definition
| Like small energy factories that burn glucose to prodcue chemical energy for the cell's various metabolic activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain digestive enzymes. May remain in the cell or fuse with the cell membrane and expell materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires no energy source. Works with a gradient, materials will always move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which materials move from an area of high pressure to low pressure. Passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process in which material move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special instance of simple diffusion in which water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport. |
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Term
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Definition
A carrier-mediated transport process that utilizes an embedded plasma membrane protein to move molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
*Passive transport |
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Term
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Definition
| A carrier-mediated transport mechanism that utilizes embedded plasma membrane proteins to move molecules against a concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Function to move large materials into and out of the cell. Require large amounts of energy and form membrane-bound vesicles to accomplish this function |
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Term
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Definition
*Materials are packaged within vesicles (small sacs)
*Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular membrane invaginates around material, fuses into a circle within the cell, and becomes a vesicle (small sac) within the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell forms extensions called 'pseudopodia' that surrounds a particle or organism and brings it into the cell. A type of endocytosis. |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| In this process specific receptor proteins bind with specific molecules from the extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Is often called 'cell drinking' and occurs in every living cell in the body. The process is much like endocytosis except that receptor proteins are not involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur in certain epithelial cells that help to seal off the intercellular space so that materials cannot pass easily between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercellular junctions that do not seal off the intercellular space and are scattered throughout the apposing membrane surfaces. They are especially important in areas that require resistance to strong mechanical stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur in a few types of tissues and are particularly important in cardiac muscle tissue. They are formed from six proteins, called a connexon, that create a cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on negative feedback mechanisms that help to keep physiological parameters within relatively narrow limits through a variety of compensating mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway in the negative feedback loop moving away from the integrating center |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway in the negative feedback loop moving towards the integrating center from the receptor |
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Term
| Positive feedback mechanisms |
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Definition
| Move away from homeostasis. Much less common than negative feedback mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Directs activities of the cell. Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in protein synthesis (synthesis=production)
*Two kinds: Free or attached to Rough ER |
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Term
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Definition
A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials the has ribosomes on walls.
*Synthesizes and distributes proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materialsthat has no ribosomes.
*Synthesizes lipids, mainly steriods
*Detoxify drugs and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
Found on the outside of some cell membranes.
*Help move materials along. |
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Term
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Definition
Found on the outside of some cell membranes.
*Help increase surface area. |
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