Term
Summarize current scientific thinking on how life may have originated on earth. |
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Definition
1. lightening and ultraviolet radiation--> initiated synthesis of organic molecules. these molecules are collected in the oceans.
2.instead of lightening or Uv radiation, thermal vents in the ocean-> started teh synthesis of o molecules.
3. 30% of mass meteorites made of o chemicals. first molecules made in space, brought to earth by meteorites. |
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Term
| what is matter composed of? |
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Definition
| occupies space and has weight, includes solid,liquid, gases in our bodies and in the environment. |
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Term
| what are atoms composed of? |
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Definition
| electrons, protons,neutrons. |
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Term
| ions, atomic weight, and atomic number |
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Definition
ions- charged atoms.
atomic weight- number of protons and neutrons
atomic number- number of protons. |
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Term
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Definition
| isotope- varieties of an element. same number of protons, different numbers of neutrons. |
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Term
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Definition
- ionic- transfer of electrons (donate and receive)
-covalent- sharing of electrons
- hydrogen- between hydrogen and other atoms. |
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Term
| what is the difference between an atom and a molecule? |
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Definition
| Molecules are made up of 2 or more atoms. |
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Term
| list the 4 types of reactions. |
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Definition
Metabolism--> chemical reactions in the body
1. synthesis reactions
2. dissociation or decomposition reactions
3. exchange reactions
4. reversible reactions |
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Term
| define a synthesis reaction |
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Definition
| when amino acids are joined together to form a protein with covalent bond. |
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Term
| define dissociation and decomposition. |
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Definition
whena molecule is broken down into a smaller unit.
ex. hydrolysis--> when water is broken down. |
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Term
| define exchange reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| define reversible reactions |
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Definition
| when a reaction can co both ways. for example, CO2 + H2O makes H2CO3.(carbonic acid.) |
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Term
| define acid,base, salts, and electrolytes. |
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Definition
acid- proton donor. releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
base- combine with hydrogen ions to form hydroxyl ions.(OH-)
salt- when the acid reacts with a base to form water and a molecule, that molecule is called a salt.
electrolytes- the salts are dissolved in water and dissociate and are able to conduct electricity.
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Term
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Definition
| measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. |
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Term
| major inorganic substances found in cells. |
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Definition
- water
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- sodium chloride
- potassium chloride
- magnesium chloride
- calcium chloride
all these salts help maintaining proper functioning in the cell, must be present int eh proper concentrations. |
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Term
| what are the 4 major organic substances? |
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Definition
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. protiens
4. nucleic acids |
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Term
| what is the main function of carbohydrates? what is its general function in the cell? what are some of its characteristics?are there any subgroups to this substance? |
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Definition
- always contain C,H,O sometimes N
- include sugars-- used to produce energy
- monosaccarides, disaccharides, polyssacchrides.
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Term
what is the main function of lipids? what is its general function in the cell? what are some of its characteristics?are there any subgroups to this substance?
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Definition
- not soluble in water
- triglycerides-- used to produce energy-3 fatty acids combined- fats are saturated or unsaturated (double C bonds).
- phospholipids- usually have one molecule of glycerol.
- steroids- sex hormones, cholesterol. |
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Term
what is the main function of protiens? what is its general function in the cell? what are some of its characteristics?are there any subgroups to this substance?
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Definition
- act as enzymes, important for cell structure.
- linear assembles (3 amino acids)- all of them have an amino group.-- connected with peptide bonds.
- 20 types of amino acids.
- the sequence of the amino acid determines the structure of the protein. |
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Term
Name some carbohydrate groups with one example of each.
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Definition
- monosaccharide- glucose, fructose
- disaccharide- sucrose, lactose
- polysaccharide- glycogen |
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Term
| name the 3 types of lipids and an example of each. |
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Definition
1. triglyceride- made of 3 fatty acids- palmitic acid,stearic acid.
2. phospholipids- usually 1 or 2 groups of fatty acid and a gycelrol and phosphate group.- ethanolamine.
3. steroids- sex hormones, cholesterol |
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Term
| define protein, and give some examples. |
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Definition
- chains of amino acids, bonded with peptide bonds.
- enzymes.
- 3 examples: hemoglobin, collagen, amylase. |
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Term
| what is denaturation, and what causes it? |
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Definition
denaturation- heat breaks the hydrogen bonds, and they shape of the protien is broken and the functions are messed up.
- if pH is too high, too hot |
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Term
| what is in a nucleotide (3 components). |
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Definition
- nitrogen containing base (A T C G)
- 5- carbon sugar- (ribose, deoxyribose)
- phosphate group. |
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Term
| glucose- what is its chemical formula? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- 3 fatty acids
- 1 glycerol
- 1 phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
- 1 molecule of glycerol
- 2 fatty acids
- 1 phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
- multiple ring structure
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Term
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Definition
- made up of hydrogen bonds- the amino acid.
- peptide bond between amino acids. |
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Term
| give brief description of genetic diseases. |
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Definition
- involve a change (mutation) in one amino acid, in an important protien |
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