Memory Distortion

Misinformation Effect

loftus: yeild and stop sign

leading questions

imagining 

hypnosis

Memory Distortion

Source Confusion

memories mix with each other

leading questions changing the responses in later questioning

Bigger Concepts (2/6)

Types of Memory

semantic memory

episodic memory

procedural memory

Types of Memory

Semantic Memory

knowledge of the world

usually explicitly  searched for

mainly stored via symbolic code

Types of Memory

Episodic Memory

memory for events we've experienced

usually explicitly searched for

visual and temporal characteristics

Types of Memory

Procedural Memory

knowledge about how to perform an action or skill

usually implicitly searched for

motoric and temporal characteristics

Bigger Concepts (3/6)

Mnemonics

organization techniques that aid in remembering 

verbal or visual 

verbal: 

using verse to organize information

or using shortcuts to organize information

visual:

method of loci, or spatial cues (attaching an item to a place)

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Stage Theory

three stages:

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Short-term Memory

information accessible for immediate use

limited duration <1 min

limited storage capacity 7 ^-₊ 2

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Long-term Memory

relatively permanent store of events, information, skills

duration up to years

potentially unlimited capacity

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Maintenance Rehearsal

saying the information over and over again in the hopes that it will stay in STM memory longer and will move on to LTM

primacy effect: moves to LTM

recency effect: still in STM

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Depth of Processing

shallow processing: visual presentation of information

deep processing: comprehending the relevance and use of information

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Retrieval Cues

allow access to stored memories

effectiveness depends on encoding specificity

(retrieval more successful if initial context recreated ad the time of recall)

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Portion of the Brain Activated During Encoding and Retrieval

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Storage Failure

Process of Forming Memories and Retrieval Failures

Retrieval Failure

retroactive interference

list A -> list B -> list A

new learning interferes with previous learning

proactive interference

list A-> list B -> list B

previous learning interferes with new learning

Bigger Concepts (5/6)

Memory Disorders

retrograde amnesia

anterograde amnesia

H.M.

childhood amnesia

Memory Disorders

Retrograde Amnesia

inability to remember events occurring before injury/illness

can extend back several years

occurs because of interruption of consolidation (of memories)

Memory Disorders

Anterograde Amnesia

inability to form new memories after injury/illness occurs

Memory Disorders

The Case of H.M.

bilateral removal of temporal lobes

(2/3^rds hippocampus, amygdala and associated structures)

cannot form new episodic or semantic memories but can still create new procedural memories.

Memory Disorders

Childhood Amnesia

we have little or no memory for events that happened to us before three

reasons:

encoding/retrieval mismatch

(small children encode visually, adults retrieve using language)

inability to utilize schemas

undeveloped memory structures of the brain