Term
The overall equation for photosynthesis is
___ CO2 + ___ H2O + light energy --> ___ C6H12O6 + ___ CO2 + ___ H2O |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis can be divided into two reactions: The light reactions take place in the ___ and produce ___ and ___ from ___. The Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) take place in the ___ and use ___ and ___ from the light reactions and ___ from the atmosphere to create ___. |
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Definition
thylakoid membrane
ATP
NADPH
light energy
stroma
ATP
NADPH
CO2
carbohydrates |
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Term
| An absorption spectrum plots ___ vs. wavelight length, while an action spectrum plots ___ vs. wavelight length. |
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Definition
pigment absorption
biological activity
For example, an absorption spectrum plots the absorption capability of different pigments (representing different lines), while an action spectrum plots the photosynthetic rate in total at different wavelengths. |
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Term
| When an electron on a pigment is excited it can do one of three things: ___ (three things). |
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Definition
1) it can flouresce and emit heat as it goes back down to its normal energy state
2) it can transfer energy to an adjacent pigment through resonance
3) it can enter the electron transport chain (reducing the electron acceptor) |
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Term
| A photosystem consists of multiple pigment ___ surrounding a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Noncyclic electron flow (Z-scheme) uses both photosystems I and II (PS I and II, respectively). It begins at PS ___. While the electron travels down the electron transport chain from PS ___ to ___, ___ is made. When the electron reaches PS ___ and travels down another ETC, ___ is made. PS II gets it electrons back from the oxidation of ___. |
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Definition
II
II
I
ATP
I
NADPH
water |
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Term
| Cyclic electron flow ONLY takes place at PS ___. ONLY ___ is made, NADPH is NOT made. |
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Definition
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Term
| Noncyclic electron flow creates ___ and ___, while cyclic electron flow creates ONLY ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is made because ___ are pumped from the stroma into the ___, up their concentration gradient. It is an example active transport. The ___ are then funneled back into the ___ through ___, which is an enzyme that makes ___. |
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Definition
protons
thylakoid membrane
protons
stroma
ATPase
ATP
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Term
| In noncyclic electron flow, the electron acceptor is ___, which is reduced into NADPH when a hydride attaches. Cyclic electron flow does not have an electron acceptor, because by definition the electron flows back to the PSI. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calvin and Benson used the carbon-___ radioisotope to determine the sequence of reactions in carbon fixation. They determined that a three carbon molecule, ___, is the first one made. |
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Definition
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Term
| The calvin cycle consists of three procsesses: carbon fixation occurs, which creates ___ by adding RuBP to CO2, ___ is reduced to G3P and most of the G3P created is regenerated into RuBP. Only 2 out of the 12 G3P created goes on to form sugars. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the beginning of the Calvin Cycle, CO2 is added to RuBP, ___ is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. This enzyme has active sites for both CO2 AND ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rubisco is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that fixes CO2 to RuBP. It has active sites for ___ and ___. If the concentration of ___ around the plant is too high, photorespiration occurs and ___ is made. If CO2 is present, oxygen is released as a by-product. Photorespiration is more likely to occur on hot days, when the stomata are closed. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Normal" photosynthesis occurs in ___ plants. ___ plants have separated their light reactions and calvin cycle by space and ___ by ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both c4 and CAM plants DO NOT have 3PG as their first product of carbon fixation. Instead of using rubisco, like c3 plants, they use PEP Carboxylase to fix CO2. The first intermediate is a ___ carbon compound. |
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Definition
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Term
| In c3 plants, photosynthesis takes place in ___ cells. In c4 plants, it takes place in ___ cells and ___ cells. In CAM plants, it takes place in ___ cells and large ___. |
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Definition
mesophyll
mesophyll
bundle sheath
mesophyll
vacuoles |
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Term
| In CAM plants, the stomata is ONLY open at ___. This is to prevent water evaporation. |
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Definition
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Term
| c4 and CAM plants have alternated their photosynthetic processes to minimize ___. |
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Definition
photorespiration
Recall the photorespiration is when there is too much oxygen around, so CO2 is made. |
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Term
| Lycophytes DO NOT have true ___ (megaphylls), but they do have true ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Land plants probably evolved from a ___ algae around ___mya. |
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Definition
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Term
| The earliest land plants were called ___. They lacked true ___ and ___. They were anchored by rhizomes (horizontal portions of stem) and rhizoids (water absorbing filaments). They are now extinct. |
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Definition
rhyniophytes
leaves
roots |
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Term
| Lycophytes (club mosses, etc.) appeared around ___mya. They are the source of many coal deposits. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two types of xylem (transport) cells: ___ and ___. ___ are ONLY found in angiosperms. Xylem is found in vascular plants (by definition). |
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Definition
tracheids
vessels
Vessels |
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Term
| Tracheids are ___ and pointer than vessels. |
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Definition
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