Na

Positively charged particle

+

Negatively charged particle

-

Equal to the number of protons

&

Equal to the number of electrons

Equal to the number of protons + neutrons

•Measured in atomic mass units (AMU)

•1 AMU is defined as the weight of 1 proton

Used to determine the electrons

in each shell

•The first shell will always hold 2

•Additional shells will hold up to 8

To achieve stability of the valence shell

(2 for first, 8 for the rest)

• # of Chemical Bonds = Maximum of the shell - Number of valence electrons

Variations in the numver of neutrons of an element

Example: ¹²C, ¹⁴C

Charged particles

(atoms with an uneven amount

of protons and electrons)

Atoms that lost an electron

(Positive ions)

Example: H⁺, Na⁺, k⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺

Atoms that gained an electron

(Negative ions)

Example: Cl^-

Atomic elements that breakdown and decay giving off radiation (energy)

Uranium, plutonium, radon, and generally

the large elements (AN > = 84)

Waves or particles of high unstable energy

Example: UV-light, radio waves, x-rays, free electrons

Chemicals that neutralize free radicals

Vitamines: A, C, E

Minerals: Selenium, copper

Enztmes: Superoxidedismutase (SOD) converts

superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

Composed of two or more elements

Example: C0₂, H₂O, CH₄

Sum of the atomic weights of its atoms

Example: MW of CH₄ = 12 + 4 (1) = 12 + 4 = 16 AMU

The attraction of a cation to an anion to form a salt

Example: NaCl

Bond formed by sharing electrons

Example: O₂

*Or Monovalent Bond

One shared electron pair ( -- )

*Or Divalent Bond

Two shared electron pairs ( = )

*Or Trivalent Bond

Three shared eletron pairs

Electrons shared unevenly

and result in a charge

Example: H₂O

Electrons shared evenly and result

in no net charges

Example: C₂

Weak attraction between molecules

Due to attraction of positive H

and negative O or N atoms

Represented by (....)

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

*Chemical Equations need to balance on both sides

A + B → AB

Chemical reaction where a molecule

gives up electrons and releases energy

Ae- + B → A + Be-

Chemical reaction where a molecule gains electrons and energy

B + e- + Energy → Be-

Energy releasing reactions

(Decomposition/Breakdown of molecules/bonds)

Energy storing reactions

(Synthesis/Building of molecules/bonds)

Molecules that release a proton (H⁺) when dissolved in water

Ex. H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃^-

•Molecules that accept a proton (H⁺)

when dissolved in water.

AND

•Molecules that release hydroxide (HO^-)

when dissolved in water.

Ex. NH₃ → NH₄⁺, OH^- → H₂O

Measurement of acidity and alkalinity based on the logarithmic quantity of H⁺ (Ranges from 1 to 14)

Description             pH

Acidic                   < 7

Neutral/Water       = 7

Basic/Alkaline       > 7

Aggregate of atomic elements or molecules

Ex. Distilled water, graphite

Substances that are physically blended but not chemically blended

Ex. Mixing flour and sugar

Particles of matter called solute are

mixed into an abundant substance

called the solvent

Ex. Kool Aid

Two states: Liquid and gelatin

*Gelatin state is established typically by adding proteins

Ex. Jell-O

A liquid mixture that will seperate

Ex. Blood

Suspension of one liquid in another

*Typically requires a binding agent

Ex. Mayonaise (water and oil bound by an egg)