Term
| Seven functions of the Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
1) Gaseous Exchange
2) Delivery of major nutrients
3) Delivery of “micronutrients”
4) Delivery of hormones
5) Defense (leukocytes and antibodies)
6) Thermal exchange
7) Transportation of water |
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Term
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Definition
Prevention of blood loss in the case of injury.
When a blood vessel is cut, there is formation of a blood platelet plug, blood coagulation to form a blood clot, and finally growth of fibrous into the blood clot to close hole permanently. |
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Term
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Definition
| this represents the volume of the cardiovascular system, where most of the blood in the circulatory system is contained in the veins and venules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart pumps blood through a system of tubes called blood vessels. The diameter of these blood vessels affects the resistance of the system. This resistance component is made up mainly by the arterioles. The arterioles therefore constitute the resistance component of the cardiovascular system. The resistance depends on their diameter. When their diameter is small, the resistance is high (vice versa) Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous narrows (constricts) the arterioles, and raises the resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| affect rate and force of contraction |
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Term
| Volume of blood in the circulation |
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Definition
| regulated by the kidneys and fluid intake. |
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Term
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Definition
1) arteries
2) arterioles
3) terminal arterioles
4) capillaries
5) muscular venules and non-muscular venules
6) veins |
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Term
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Definition
| connects arterioles with capillaries - the terminal arterioles are neither true arterioles nor true capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| an inner layer of a specialized squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Layers of blood vessels (inner to outer) |
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Definition
1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
| An inner layer of specialized squamos epithelium called vascular endothelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A middle layer composed of smooth muscle fibers, usually with some elastic connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| An outer layer composed of connective tissue with elastic and collagenous fibers. |
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Term
| Layers in blood vessels: capillaries |
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Definition
| capillaries are tubes only of vascular endothelial cells sitting on a basement membrane |
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Term
| Layers of blood vessels: arteries |
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Definition
| arteries have very thick walls with an abundance of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers |
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Term
| Layers of blood vessels: Arterioles |
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Definition
| are particularly noted for the large amount of smooth muscle in the tunica media |
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Term
| Smooth muscle fibers are found in all blood vessels except |
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Definition
| for the capillaries and non-muscular venules |
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Term
| Features of Vascular Endothelial Cells |
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Definition
1) Smooth surface - allows blood cells and platelets to flow past adhering to the blood vessel wall or becoming damaged by the force of the blood flow
2) Secrete vasoactive substance - these important substances cause blood vessels to contract and relax. They include endothelin, nitric oxide and prostacyclin.
3) Damage and dysfunction - linked with vascular disease such as atherosclerosis |
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Term
| Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation |
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Definition
The smooth muscle fibers of the tunica media contract or relax in response to sympathetic stimulation, certain hormones (e.g. epinephrine), and certain chemicals (e.g. H+, CO2).
-If the blood vessels become narrower, the effect is called vasoconstriction.
-When the smooth muscle fibers relax, the blood vessels open again. This is called vasodilation. |
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Term
| Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation control: |
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Definition
1. flow of blood through organs and tissues
2. resistance of the systemic circuit (also known total perpheral resistance or TPR)
3. capacity of the blood vessels in the cardiovascular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the arterial side of the systemic circuit contains blood flowing away from the heart at high pressure. Arteries have all three layers in their walls. The tunica media, however, makes up the bulk of the arterial wall, which is very thick and contains an abundance of elastic and smooth muscle fibers. The ration of smooth muscle fibers to elastic fibers in the tunica media of arteries increases as the distance from the heart increases. In the large arteries near the heart, therefore, the elasic component of the tunica media is very prominent. These large, elastic arteries include the aorta, carotids, common iliacs. |
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Term
| Normal arterial elasticity has the following effects |
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Definition
| 1) Smooths out the pressure wave from the pulse 2) The elastic recoil of these arteries continues to propel blood through the systemic circuit in the interval between heart beats. Arteries lose this elasticity and harden in the disease condition known as arteriosclerosis; |
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Term
| In the pulmonary circuit, the blood in the pulmonary arteris |
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Definition
| is at much lower pressure that in the systemic arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| are smaller versions of arteries, but smooth component of the tunica media is very prominent. This allows for strong vasoconstriction when the sympathetic nervous system is activated. The arterioles are the most important blood vessels involved in controlling blood flow through organs and tissues, and in determining the total peripheral resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal arterioles deliver blood into the capillaries. Capillaries have only the tunica intima. Essentially, they are tubes of endothelial cells sitting on a basement membrane. Interchange betwee the blood and interstitial fluid takes place across their walls. Capillaries are responsible responsible nutrients, hormones, oxygen, etc. to the tissues and they are also responsible for removing carbon dioxide and other metabolic products as lactic and urea |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are often found wrapped around the endothelial cells of capillaries. These cells are called Rouget cells or “pericytes.” The cells play an important role of growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure of blood in the venous part of circuit is much lower than on the arterial side. blood passes from the capillaries into venules, which merge together to form veins. The veins are responsible for returning the blood to the heart to complete the circuit. The smallest venules lack smooth muscle in their walls. They are non-muscular venules. The larger venules have all three layers. They are the muscular venules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively thin-walled atria act mainly as the receiving chambers for blood returning from the systemic or pulmonary circulation, and the thicker-walled ventricle are the major pumping chambers |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart and the roots of the great blood vessels that from it are enclosed in a double-layerd serous membrane called the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| The pericardium confines the heart to its position in the mediastinum, while allowing the heart freed of movement so that it can contract vigorously and rapidly whenever the need arises |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of an inner layer of serous membrane and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| is firmly attached to the muscular wall of the heart. The Visceral pericardium is also referred to as the epicardium |
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Term
| pericardial fluid, serous fluid |
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Definition
| Between the visceral and parietal pericardium is a film of serous fluid (pericardial fluid) that acts as a lubricant and reduces friction as the heart contracts and relaxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis, and can lead to excessive buildup of pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium. This can compression of the heart, and may lead to a life-threatening situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (= visceral pericardium) This is the outer layer |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the middle, muscular layer that make up the bulk of the heart and does all the pumping. The myocardium is made up of interlacing bundles of cardiac muscle fibers. These bundles are specially arranged so that the heart acts as a very efficient pump. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner surface of the myocardium is sculpted into a complex series of ridges and valleys called tranaculae carneae. The prevent the wall of the heart from wrinkling when it contracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the inner layer that lines the cavities of the heart. It consists of a thin layer of vascular endothelial cells overlying a thin layer of connective tissue. The layer of vascular endothelium is continuos with the layer of vascular endothelium in the blood vessels that emerge from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| The wall that separates the two atria from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the wall between the two ventricles |
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Term
| Blood enters the right heart through the |
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Definition
| superior and vena cava and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| Blood leaves the right heart through |
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Definition
| the pulmonary trunk, that branches into the left pulmonary arteries and the right pulmonary arteries. |
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Term
| Blood flow: Right side vena cavae pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries |
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Definition
| receives blood from all parts of the body and pumps it through the lungs, where it loses its carbon dioxide and takes on oxygen The right atrium receives deoxygynated blood laden with carbon dioxide from all parts of the body. The major vesssels are the superior and inferior vena cavae, which collect blood from the superior and inferior region of the body and deliver it to the right atrium. The right ventricles receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs is the lungs through the pulmonary trunk, which divides into left and right pulmonary arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins. The left ventricle receives oxygynated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. The aorta distributes this oxygenated blood into the coronary arteries and the other major arteries. |
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Term
| Arteries Branching from the Aorta |
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Definition
-Ascending Aorta
-Aortic Arch
-Thoracic Aorta (above Aorta)
-Abdominal Aorta (below diaphragm) |
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Term
| Arteries Branching from Ascending Aorta |
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Definition
| Right and left coronary arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian) Left common carotid Left subclavian |
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Term
| Thoracic Aorta (above the diaphragm) |
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Definition
| Pericadial Bronchials Esophageals Mediastinal Posterior intercostal |
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Term
| Abdominal Aorta (below diaphragm) |
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Definition
| Phrenics Celiac Superior mesenteric Suprarenal Renals Gonadals Inferior mesenteric lumbar Middle sacral Common ilians |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood passes through the heart in one direction only. It can only do this because one-way valves guard the openings leading from the atria to ventricles and from the ventricles to arterial trunks. It is important to understand that the opening and closing of these valves is purely passice, and occurs in response to changing pressure differentials across them. |
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Term
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Definition
| guard the entrances to the two ventricles from the two atria |
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Term
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Definition
| guard the exits from the two ventricles |
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Term
| Right side valves Chordae tendineae Papillary muslces ---- semilunar valve |
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Definition
| The AV valve is called the tricuspid valve (tRI(GHT)cuspid). It consists of three leaflets. Thedon-like fibrous cords called chordae tendineae connect the pointed ends of the leflets to finger-like muscular projections (papillary muscles) on the inner surface of the right ventricle. Th cordae tendineae and the papillary muscles precent the valve from turning inside out into the atrium when the ventricle contracts. The right semilunar valce guards the opening from the right ventricle into pulmonary trunk. The calve of three semilunar (half-moon shaped) cusps, and is called pulmonary semilunar valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| The AV valve is called the bicuspid valve or mitral valve. It has only two cusps, but has chordae tendineae attached to papillary muscles just like the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart. The left semilunar valve guards the opening from the left ventricle onto the aorta. like the pulmonary semilunar valve, this valve has thre cusps. It is called the aortic semilunar valve |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings of dense fibrous connective tissue surround the pulmonary trunk and the aorta at their proximal ends. Rings of fibrous connective tissue also surround the tricuspid and mitral valves. The four rings are connected rather like six plastic rings that secure the cans in a six-pack of soda. The muscle bands, arterial trunks and valves are all attached to this frame work, called the skeleton of the heart |
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Term
| The Blood supply to the heart Walls |
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Definition
| Blood is supplied to the tissues of the heart, notably the cardiac muscle, by right and left coronary arteris. These arteries exit just beyond (distal to) the aortic semilunar valve. After blood has passed through the cpillary beds of the heart wall, most of the venous blood is collected by the cardiac veins, which drain into the wide coronary sinus. The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. |
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