Term
| what is laterally located in the thoracic cavity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what surrounds the right and left lungs? |
|
Definition
| a serous sac called a pleura |
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Term
| what is the potential space called between the visceral and parietal pleura? |
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Definition
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Term
| what midline partition of tissue lies between the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 layers of the pleura and where are they? |
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Definition
| the visceral pleura lies next to the lungs and the parietal pleura is next to the thoracic wall, the diaphragm and facing the mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| when air enters the pleural cavity, it changes from a potential space to a real space and collapses the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| when blood enters the pleural cavity, it changes from a potential space to a real space and collapses the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| when fluids other than blood enters the pleural cavity, it changes from a potential space to a real space and collapses the lung |
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Term
| how many lobes are there in the lungs? |
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Definition
| 3 in the right (superior, middle, and inferior) and 2 in the left (superior and inferior) lungs |
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Term
| what is the name of the separations of the lobes of the right and left lungs? |
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Definition
right - oblique and horizontal fissures
left - oblique fissure |
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Term
| what is the hilum and where is it located? |
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Definition
| it's posteromedially between the lungs and it's where structures enter and leave the lungs, such as the bronchi, arteries, and veins |
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Term
| what is the location of the structures passing thru the hilum? |
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Definition
| the bronchi are located posterior, the pulmonary artery is superior, and the pulmonary veins are inferior |
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Term
| in an embalmed right lung, what contact impressions are seen? |
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Definition
| Cardiac impression; Groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein; Groove for the arch of azygos vein; Groove for the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| a tongue-like process in the upper lobe of the left lung bordering the cardiac notch inferiorly; the lingula corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung |
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Term
| what is the cardiac notch on the right or left lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| in an embalmed left lung, what contact impressions are seen? |
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Definition
| Cardiac impression; Groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein; Groove for the arch of azygos vein; Groove for the esophagus |
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Term
| what are the divisions of the mediastinum? |
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Definition
| superior and inferior, the inferior is made up of middle, anterior, and posterior parts |
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Term
| where is the superior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| above a transverse plane through the sternal angle and interverteberal disc T4/5 |
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Term
| what does the inferior-middle mediastinum contain? |
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Definition
| heart, pericardium, right and left phrenic nerves |
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Term
| where is the anterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| anterior to the pericardium |
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Term
| where is the posterior pericardium and what is in it? |
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Definition
| posterior to the pericardium and contains Esophagus and its nerve plexus; Thoracic aorta and its branches; Azygos system of veins; Thoracic duct; Sympathetic trunks |
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Term
| what is the pericardium and how many layers does it have? |
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Definition
| serous sac invaginated by the heart, has 2 layers that enclose a potential space, the pericardial cavity; inner layer is the visceral serous pericardium and the outer layer is a parietal serous pericardium made up of tough fibers and called the fibrous pericardium |
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|
Term
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Definition
| a four-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to be oxygenated and blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to supply the rest of the body |
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Term
| what is the path of blood within the heart? |
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Definition
| right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, capillaries, superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium again |
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|
Term
| where does the exchange of gasses take place? |
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Definition
| in the capillaries, delivering oxygen to tissues, taking up oxygen in the lungs |
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|
Term
| blood leaves the heart in what vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood enters the heart in what vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is blood supplied to the heart and where is it from? |
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Definition
| right and left coronary arteries branch off of the aortic arch |
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|
Term
| where is the right coronary artery? |
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Definition
| it transverses the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus, which seperates the 2 atria from the ventricles |
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|
Term
| what are the branches off of the right coronary artery? |
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Definition
| sinunodal artery, the right marginal artery, the atrioventricular nodal artery, and the posterior interventricular artery |
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Term
| where is the posterior interventricular artery? |
|
Definition
| in the posterior interventricular sulcus |
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|
Term
| what does the Atrioventricular nodal artery supply? |
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Definition
| the AV node, which sends impulses to the ventricles through the atrioventricular (AV) bundle |
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|
Term
| where is the right marginal artery? |
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Definition
| along the acute (inferior) margin |
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|
Term
| what does the Sinuatrial nodal artery supply and what does it do? |
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Definition
| the SA node, the pacemaker of the heart’s conduction system |
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|
Term
| what branches off of the left coronary artery? |
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Definition
| the anterior interventricular artery, the circumflex branch, and the left marginal artery |
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|
Term
| where is the anterior interventricular artery and what does it supply? |
|
Definition
| the anterior interventricular sulcus; it supplies the AV bundle |
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|
Term
| where is the circumflex branch? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where is the left marginal artery |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main veins of the heart? |
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Definition
| small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and the coronary sinus |
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|
Term
| where is the small cardiac vein? |
|
Definition
| runs along the right marginal artery |
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|
Term
| where is the middle cardiac vein? |
|
Definition
| runs along the posterior interventricular artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the great cardiac vein? |
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Definition
| runs along the anterior interventricular artery |
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|
Term
| what is the cardiac sinus? |
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Definition
| continuation of the great cardiac vein when it reaches the coronary sulcus |
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|
Term
| what are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
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Definition
| right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle |
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|
Term
| what happens in the right atrium? |
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Definition
| receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the right ventricle? |
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Definition
| receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and pumps blood through pulmonary arteries to the lungs |
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|
Term
| what happens in the left atrium? |
|
Definition
| receives oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins from the lungs |
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|
Term
| what happens in the left ventricle? |
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Definition
| receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral (bicuspid) valve and pumps blood through the aorta to supply the tissues of the body |
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|
Term
| what is crista terminalis? |
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Definition
| smooth-walled part separated from a rough-walled part by a vertical ridge of muscle |
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|
Term
| what is the fossa ovalis? |
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Definition
| An oval depression in the smooth-walled area which is a remnant of embryonic development |
|
|
Term
| where is the fossa ovalis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the pectinate muscles? |
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Definition
| muscular ridges in the rough-walled part |
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|
Term
| where does the vena cavae and the coronary sinus drain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the trabicular carneae? |
|
Definition
| Muscular ridges that crisscross and project from the inner walls of the heart ventricles |
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|
Term
| what do the papillary muscles do? |
|
Definition
| they contract to pull on the chorda tendineae to close the cusps of the tricuspid valve |
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|
Term
| what are the chordae tendineae? |
|
Definition
| fibrous cords that are attached to the papillary muscles and the cusps of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
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|
Term
| what is the septomarginal trabucla? |
|
Definition
| the moderator band, a specialized trabeculum extending from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle; part of the AV bundle |
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|
Term
| what drains into the left atrium? |
|
Definition
| the 4 pulmonary veins, returning oxygenated blood from the lungs |
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|
Term
| which heart wall is thickest and why? |
|
Definition
| the left ventricle, because it has to pump blood thru the entire body |
|
|
Term
| what structures are in the left ventricle? |
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Definition
| trabeculeae carneae, 2 papillary muscles attached to chordae tendinae which are attached to the bicuspid (mitral) valve |
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|
Term
| in what sequence does the heart contract? |
|
Definition
| the atria contract first and then the ventricles contract from the apex to the base |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the sinuatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atrioventricular node is stimulated by electrical impulses from the SA node |
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|
Term
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Definition
| carries impulses from the atria to the ventricles, divides into right and left branches |
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|
Term
| where can cardiac pain be referred to? |
|
Definition
| sternal and left pectoral regions, interscapular region of the back, left shoulder and medial side of left upper extremity, left side of head and neck; may also be referred to the right side |
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|
Term
| what structures are in the posterior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| esophagus and it's nerve plexus, thoracic aorta and it's branches, azygos system of veins, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks |
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|
Term
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Definition
| a muscular tube for the passage of food between the pharynx in the neck and the stomach in the abdomen |
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|
Term
| what is the path of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| descends anterior to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae, inclines slightly to the left to go thru the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus |
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|
Term
| where is food most likely to be lodged in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| junction of the pharynx, crossing of the aortic arch and the left main bronchus, and the esophageal hiatus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? |
|
Definition
| to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus |
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|
Term
| why is it important to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| because its stratified squamous epithelium is vulnerable to damage from prolonged exposure |
|
|
Term
| what is a sliding hiatal hernia? |
|
Definition
| the stomach herniates upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is Barrett's esophagus? |
|
Definition
| the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus undergoes metaplastic change into columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the danger of Barrett's esophagus? |
|
Definition
| prone to ulceration and strictures may develop; the metaplastic epithelium may undergo malignant transformation into adenocarcinoma |
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|
Term
| what innervates the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X) and thoracic sympathetic innervation; they join to form the esophageal plexus |
|
|
Term
| what nerves converge to form the anterior and posterior vagal nerves and where do they form? |
|
Definition
| fibers of the esophageal plexus, just above the diaphragm |
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|
Term
| where does the blood supply for the esophagus come from? |
|
Definition
| esophageal arteries that branch directly from the descending thoracic aorta |
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|
Term
| where does the descending aorta start and end? |
|
Definition
| continuous with the arch of the aorta at the level of intervertebral disc T4/5 and it ends at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm anterior to vertebra T12 where it is continuous with the abdominal aorta |
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|
Term
| what are the branches off of the descending throacic aorta? |
|
Definition
| left bronchial arteries that supply the left lung, esophageal arteries that supply the esophagus, right and left posterior intercostal arteries, and superior phrenic arteries to the diaphragm |
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|
Term
| what is an aortic aneurysm and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| a dilation due to weakening of the aortic wall in the thoracic or abdominal aorta; hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm may be fatal |
|
|
Term
| describe the azygos system of veins |
|
Definition
| they carry blood from the body wall superiorly to the superior vena cava; serves as an alternate route for blood from the lower body if the inferior vena cava is obstructed |
|
|
Term
| what forms the azygos system of veins? |
|
Definition
| azygos vein is formed by the ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the hemiazygos vein? |
|
Definition
| formed by the left ascending lumbar vein and the left subcostal vein and drains left posterior intercostal veins 9-12 |
|
|
Term
| what is the accessory hemiazygos vein? |
|
Definition
| it drains the left posterior intercostal veins 5-8 |
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|
Term
| what is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and where is it? |
|
Definition
| the thoracic duct ascends thru the thorax posterior to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| where does the thoracic duct drain? |
|
Definition
| the lymph from below the diaphragm and from the left side of the body above the diaphragm drains into the junction of the subclavian and the interal jugular veins |
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|
Term
| what structures are in the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| remnants of the thymus, the brachiocephalic veins, the superior vena cava, the arch of the aorta, the trachea, and the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it's involved in the early development of the immune system and is relatively large in children, it starts to atrophy at puberty and consists mostly of fat in the adult |
|
|
Term
| what veins join together to form the brachiocephalic veins? |
|
Definition
| the subclavian and interal jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| what veins join to form the superior vena cava? |
|
Definition
| the right and left brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the arch of the aorta? |
|
Definition
| it forms off of the left ventricle and is continuous with the descending thoracic aorta |
|
|
Term
| what 3 large branches come off of the arch of the aorta? |
|
Definition
| the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| the brachiocephalic trunk divides into what arteries? |
|
Definition
| the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| what body region does the right/left common carotid arteries supply? |
|
Definition
| right/left side of head and neck |
|
|
Term
| what region of the body does the right/left subclavian artery supply? |
|
Definition
| the right/left upper extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the respiratory system inferior to the larynx, palpable at midline at the suprasternal notch, descends thru the superior mediastinum anterior to the esophagus, divids into right/left primary bronchi at the level of intervertebral disc T4/5 |
|
|
Term
| inhaled food tends to go to which bronchus and why? |
|
Definition
| the right bronchus is wider and more vertical, so food is more likely to enter the right main bronchus |
|
|
Term
| what crosses over the trachea? |
|
Definition
| on the right is the arch of the azygos vein and on the left is the arch of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| what spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with a spinal cord injury at or above C4? |
|
Definition
| often it's fatal because of the phrenic nerves being the sole innervation of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what happens if only 1 phrenic nerve is damaged? |
|
Definition
| hemidiaphragm; paralyzed side undergoes paradoxical movement meaning when the working side of the diaphragm goes down, the paralyzed side goes up |
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