Term
| In the bitch ______ drops and ______ rises prior to ovulation coincident with the LH peak. |
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Definition
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Term
| What event must occur at the end of diestrus for a female to continue to cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number one rule out for female with failure to cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is maternal recognition of pregnancy? What is its goal? What hormone is high during this time? |
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Definition
-seiries of events by which the conceptus signals its presence to the dam to prevent luteolysis
-preservation of hte primary CL
-P4 remains high |
|
|
Term
| How is timing key for maternal recognition of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| -mstt occur before sufficient luteolytic pulses of PGF2a can act upon CL |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary mechanisms by which maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs? Which species do which? |
|
Definition
-Dec synth and release of PGF2a from the endometrium: rums, horses
-alter direction of PGF2a so that it cannot reach ovary: pigs |
|
|
Term
| How do we suppress estrus in the horse? |
|
Definition
| -oxytocin admin days 7-14 |
|
|
Term
| How do ruminants decrease PGF2a synth to prevent luteolysis? |
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Definition
-flastocyst produces interferon T => binds to endometrium and inhibits oxytocin Rc synth
-pregnancy maintained |
|
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Term
| In the sow, on what day does luteolysis begin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What must occur for maternal recognition of pregnancy to occur in the sow? |
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Definition
| -must have 2 embryos present in each uterine horn |
|
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Term
| In the sow, the conceptus produces ______ as signal for MRP. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the effect of estradiol production by the conceptus in the sow? |
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Definition
| -causes PGF2a to be rerouted toward the uterine lumen => luminal PGF2a has no access to circulation and thus cannot cause luteolysis (thus not absorbed in the lungs) |
|
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Term
| Using 3 words, describe luteolysis in the horse. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do non-fertilized oocytes enter the uterus in the mare? Why or why not? |
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Definition
-no
-PGE2 production by the embryo is required for transprot into the uterus, causes the lcoal relaxation of smooth muscle |
|
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Term
| What happens in the horse at day 6 that is unique to this species? Why does it occur? |
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Definition
-capsule formation by the embryo
-maintains spherical shape of embryo during its mobility phase |
|
|
Term
| How is luteolysis prevented in the horse? |
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Definition
-embryo is mobile and bounces around secreteing something that prevents the release of PGF2a
-traverses the uteirne horns 12-14 times |
|
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Term
| What signals MRP in the dog? |
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Definition
| -Nothing, it is CL dependent for the entire pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What is the CL lifespan in the pregnant dog? Non-pregnant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the MRP signal in a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gestation length of a cat? |
|
Definition
-63-65 days
-hormone profile less than 40 days is similar regardless of pregnancy status |
|
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Term
| For luteolysis to be prevented, the MRP signal from the ______ must be present prior to the required luteolytic surges of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: If the embryo is developmentally immature when MRP must occur, the embryo may not be capable of rpoducing the MRP signal prior to luteolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Synchrony between embryo donor (stage of embryo development) and embryo recipient is important during embryo transfer. In the mare, when is the best time for this to be done? |
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Definition
| -best pregnancy rates occur when the embryo receipient ovulates 1 day before to 3 days after the embryo donr |
|
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Term
| What must occur for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis? |
|
Definition
| -embryo must be tranferred into the tip of the horn ipsilateral to the CL for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis |
|
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Term
| Where must equine embryos be placed during embryo transfer? |
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Definition
-embryo can be palced anywhere within the uterus for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis
-mobility of the equine conceptus is critical for MRP in the horses thus it will not remain where it is placed |
|
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Term
| Do cows or horses utilize systemic luteolytic pathway? What about a local luteolytic pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the domestic animals have a chorioallantoic placental origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of placenta shapes? |
|
Definition
-diffuse
-zonary
-cotyledonary |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different origins of the placenta? |
|
Definition
-chorioallantoic (allantochorial)
-yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| What are he 4 degrees of placenta degree of invasiveness? |
|
Definition
-epitheliochorial
-syndesmochorial
-endotheliochorial
-hemochorial |
|
|
Term
| What are the two structure types of placental vasculature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of placentation degree of intimacy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Definition: Diffuse placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta? |
|
Definition
-almost the entire surface of the allantochorion is involved in formation of the placenta
-horses and pigs |
|
|
Term
Definition: Cotyledonary placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta? |
|
Definition
-multiple discrete areas of attachment are formed by interaciton of patches of allantochorion with endometrium
-ruminants |
|
|
Term
| With cotyledonary placentas, the fetal portion of this type are called ______ and the maternal contact sites are called _____ and these complexes are called a ______. |
|
Definition
-cotyledons
-caruncles
-placentome |
|
|
Term
Definition: Zonary placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta? |
|
Definition
-placenta takes the form of a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus
-carnivores like dogs and cats |
|
|
Term
Definition: Discoid placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta? |
|
Definition
-single placenta is formed and is discoid in shape
-seen in primates and rodents |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cotyledons do mares have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kinds of animals have convex cotyledons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kinds of animals have concave cotyledons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of dark pigment in ewe caruncles? |
|
Definition
| -means nothing in black-faces sheep |
|
|
Term
| In which animals do we see binucleate biant cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an epitheliochorial placenta? Which animals have that? |
|
Definition
-least intimate, both maternal and fetal epithelium are intact
-pig, horse, cow, ewe, and doe |
|
|
Term
| What is an endotheliochorial placenta? Which animals have that? |
|
Definition
-complete erosion of endometrial epithelium
-dog, cat |
|
|
Term
| What is a hemochorial placenta? Which animals have that? |
|
Definition
-chorionic epithelium is in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood
-primates and rodents |
|
|
Term
| What are the six layers between the fetal and maternal blood? |
|
Definition
-fetal endothelial cells
-fetal connective tissue
-chorionic epithelial cells
-endometrial epithelial cells
-maternal connective tissue
-maternal endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Where do we see binucleate giant cells? What do they express? |
|
Definition
-appear in trophoblastic tissues just before implantation
-express placental lactogen, prolactin-related proteins, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (like pregnancy specific protein B), steroid hormones, prostaglandins, heparanase, etc |
|
|
Term
| When is pregnancy specific protein B secreted? When does it become diagnostic? |
|
Definition
-secreted approx d15
-diagnostic by d28 |
|
|
Term
| What layers does an epitheliochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind? |
|
Definition
-endometrial epi, conenctive tissue, & endothelial epithelium
-horse, swine, ruminant |
|
|
Term
| What layers does an endotheliochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind? |
|
Definition
-endothelial epithelium only
-dog, cat |
|
|
Term
| What layers does a hemochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind? |
|
Definition
-none really
-humans, rodents |
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a villous placental vasculature structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have an avillous (labyrinthine) placental vasculature structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a deciduate placenta? Which kinds of animals have this degree of intimacy? |
|
Definition
-portion of endothelium is shed with placenta
-dog, cat, rodents, primate |
|
|
Term
| What is an adeciduate placenta? Which kinds of animals have this degree of intimacy? |
|
Definition
-endometrium is left intact at time of placenta expulsion
-pig, horse, cow, sheep, goat |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta do horses and pigs have? |
|
Definition
| -diffuse, epitheiochorial |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta do ruminants have? |
|
Definition
| -cotyledonary, epitheliochorial/syndesmochoorial |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta do carnivores (Dog, cat) have? |
|
Definition
| -zonary, endotheliochorial |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta do humans and rodents have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta does a horse have? (include all 5 classifications) |
|
Definition
-diffuse/microcotyledonary
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta does a cow have? (include all 5 classfications) |
|
Definition
-cotyledonary (convex)
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta does a sow have? (include all 5 classifications) |
|
Definition
-diffuse
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta does a ewe/doe have? (include all 5 classifications) |
|
Definition
-cotyledonary (concave)
-syndesmochorial
-adeciduate (Qualified)
-villous
-chorioallantoic |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placenta does a bitch/queen have? (include all 5 classifications) |
|
Definition
-zonary
-endotheliochorial
-deciduate
-labyrinthine
-chorioallantoic |
|
|
Term
| What are the hormonal functions of the placenta? |
|
Definition
-stimulate ovarian function
-maintain pregnancy
-stimulate mammary function
-assist in delivery of fetus |
|
|
Term
| In which animals does the placenta not play a maintenance role in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| -bitch, queen, camels, ow, and goat |
|
|
Term
| The placenta takes over from primary ovarian source in the cow, ewe, and mare at various times. When does that occur in each of these animals? |
|
Definition
-cow: 6-8 months
-ewe: 50d
-mare: 70 days |
|
|
Term
| What happens during stage I in parturition? |
|
Definition
-initiation of myometrial contractions
-P4 block has been removed via PGF => P4 converted to estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What happens during stage II in parturition? |
|
Definition
| -expulsion of fetus: strong myometrial and abdominal contractions expel fetus |
|
|
Term
| What happens during stage III in parturition? |
|
Definition
| -expulsion of fetal membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the physiology behind parturition? |
|
Definition
-fetus triggers parturition
-maturation of fetal pituitary-adrenal axis
-stressed placed on fetus
-increased fetal cortisol
-initiates cascade of events |
|
|
Term
| What hormone causes the progression from progesterone to estradiol? Where does it come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does fetal cortisol cause parturition? |
|
Definition
| -fetal cortisol =? E2 => myometrial contractions => inc pressure => inc cervical stim => inc oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| In addition to fetal expulsion, what does fetal cortisol do in parturition? |
|
Definition
-E2 => inc secretions = lubrication
-PGF2a => luteolysis
-PGF2a => relaxin => pelvic ligament stretching |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 post partum events? |
|
Definition
-passage of fetal membranes
-lactation
-involution of the repro tract
-return of ovarian cyclicity
-return to breeding |
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