Term
| If an organism is radially symmetric, they have symmetry around their ___ axis. |
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Definition
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Term
| A coelom is a body cavity. An organism is an acoelomate (ex. flatworm) if ___. An organism is a pseudocoelomate (ex. nematode) if ___. An organism is a coelomate (ex. deuterostomes) if ___. |
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Definition
they have no coelom
they have a pseudocoelom cavity which lines the digestive tract (the mesoderm only surrounds the coelom on the outside)
they have a coelom cavity completely surrounded by a mesoderm |
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Term
| Many land vertebrates have ___ coeloms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Schizocoely is when ___ and is common in protostomes (remember: tripoblasts (bilaterians) are made up of protostomes and deuterostomes). |
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Definition
| the mesoderm splits to form the coelom |
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Term
| The ancestor to metazoans is believed to be a ___. It is an aquatic protist and ___ celled. It may have lived in colonies. It contains a collar flagellate, which is a ___, whose purpose is to ___. |
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Definition
choanoflagellate
single
a collar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum, bring food in through the movement of the flagellium |
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Term
| There are many reasons why scientists think choanoflagellates were ancestors to all metazoans. For one, the ___ of sponges look like choanoflagellates. It would also have been benefial to form colonies. There is also genomic evidence; choanoflagellates have certain ___ (two types) proteins only seen in metazoans. |
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Definition
choanocytes
cell signalling, cell adhesion |
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Term
| There are many advantegous to multicellularity. For examples, you can have ___ of cells, you can become a predator and you can move faster. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some disadvantegous of being multicellular is that you have to create reproductive cells and ___ all of them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Choanocytes are specialized cells used to transport water in sponges. They contain a ___ and a ___ of microvilli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sponges ___ organs, muscles or a nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sponges use the ___, which make up their canal system, for feeding, breathing, excreting and reproducing. Water leaves sponges through its ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are around 8,000 species of sponges, 50 being freshwater. They are important for studying ___, ___ and ___ (self non-self recognition). |
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Definition
symbiosis
chemical biology
immunology |
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Term
| Sponges are used to study immunology. They display re-aggregation, just like humans, which means that ___. Also like humans, they have innate immunity using ___ and adaptive immunity using ___. |
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Definition
tissue shows self recognition, transplants can only occur between the same being
macrophages
antibodies |
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Term
| Eumetazoans comprise triploblasts (bilaterians) and all diploblasts BESIDES ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Placozoans, AKA "flat animals," have the smallest known genome with ___ million base pairs. They lack symmetry, a mouth, a gut and a nervous system. They move using ___ on cell surfaces. It is still debated whether they, cnidarians or sponges are the first diverging animal group. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diploblasts are comprized of placozoans, ctenophores and cnidarians. Ctenophores have a ___, transparent, jelly-like, muscle cells. They also have a one-way (complete) gut with ___(#) anal pores. They feed on plankton, small crustaceans and fish eggs and larvae. They have no predators. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ctenophores have no predators. Because of this, they invaded the ___ Sea in the 1980s and caused fisheries to collapse in the ___ Sea (1999) and ___ Sea (2006). |
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Definition
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Term
| Cnidarians are ___, due to their two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm), and have ___ symmetry. They have almost 11,00 species and include jellyfish, coral and hydrozoa. They have two body forms: ___, which produces asexually, and ___, which produces sexually. |
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Definition
diploblasts
radial
polyp
medusa
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Term
| Cnidarians have specialized cells, ___, on their tentacles. They contain a stinging organelle. |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of gastrulation, insects and crabs are ___ and seastars and humans are ___. |
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Definition
protostomes
deuterostomes
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Term
| Metazoans can be broken down into ___ (three groups). Bilaterians contain ___ (two groups). Protostomes are made up of ___ (two groups). |
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Definition
sponges, diploblasts, triploblasts
protostomes, deuterostomes
lophotrochozoans ecdysozoans |
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Term
| Lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans are ___ groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ecdysozoans increase their size through the process of ___. This is regulated by the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nematodes are ___, a group of protostomes. There are 25,000 described species, but there may be more than 1M. They are ___, due to their mesoderm not surrounding the digestive tract. Many nematodes are predators or parasitic. If they are parasitic, they are often obligate aenerobes (using glycolysis). The opposite is usually true if they are non-parasitic. |
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Definition
ecdysozoans
psuedocoelomates
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Term
| Around 250,000 people are effected from elephantitis. This is caused by ___ nematodes. Swelling ensues to do excessive growth of connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dog heartworm is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___, a parasitic nematode, infects pigs and other animals. It is the smallest known human nematode parasite. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arthropods make up the majority of the known living animal species. They range in body size from .1 mm to 3.7 m. There contain several subphyla including ___ (five subphyla). |
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Definition
trilobites
celicerates
crustaceans
myriapods
hexapoda
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Term
| Trilobites, a subphyla of arthropoda, appeared in the early Cambrian period (~___mya) and went extinct during the Permain mass extinction around ___mya. |
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Definition
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