Term
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Definition
| The spinal cord contains motor and sensory neurons connected with limbs and trunk by means of the spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain stem has motor and sensory neurons related to structures in the head and neck, rather than the limbs and trunk. All of the cranial nerves originate in the brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important, diffusely-organized structure that contains neurons that have axons spreading widely in both directions up and down the brain stem. |
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Term
| The Brain Stem: Three Components |
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Definition
-The medulla oblongata - resembles the spinal cord
-The pons
-The midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
-Attached mainly to the pons
-Important in movement control
-It regulates the rate, range, force, direction and timing of movements. It determines the sequence and pattern of muscles activated during movement.
The cerebellum may be important in the learning of motor functions, such as playing the piano or typing |
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Term
| The Diencephalon: 2 Structures |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Major relay station for all information passing from the lower central nervous system en route for the cerebral cortex, and which also relays to the cerebral cortex important information from the cerebellum and and basal ganglia. There is also evidence that the thalamus may actually process information destined for the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central governor of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. It has many regions (nuclei) and is involved in certain motivational drives such as feeding, drinking, fear, rage |
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Term
| The Cerebrum or Cerebral hemispheres: Major Structures |
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Definition
-basal ganglia
-cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| In the cerebrum, deep-lying masses of gray matter called the putamen, caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. There are also two midbrain stuctures included in the basal ganglia. These are the subthalmic nucleus and the substantia nigra. |
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Term
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Definition
| So called “seat of the intellect” A superficial layer of gray matter that performs the highest and most complex functions required of the central nervous system. Receives and integrates sensory information; stores and retrieves memories; thinks, conceptualizes, plans and executes movements. |
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Term
| At four weeks there is... |
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Definition
1) Forebrain (prosencephalon)
2) Midbrain (mesencephalon)
3) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
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Term
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Definition
the forebrain subdivides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon and the hindbrain subdivides into the pons (+cerebellum) and medulla. So there are now fiver secondary vesicles.
1) Telencephalon (becomes the cerebral hemispheres)
2) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
3) Midbrain
4) Pons, Cerebellum
5) Medulla |
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Term
| Several distinct pathways in parallel |
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Definition
| Motor pathways consist of several distinct pathways in parallel. THere is the cortico spinal tract, which originates in the cerebral cortex, and also tracts that originate in the brain stem. Sensory pathways also consist of several distinct pathways in parallel. There are the dorsal column tracts and also the spinothalamic tracts |
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Term
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Definition
nerve fibers and neurons from particular regions of the body are grouped together.
These areas form a “map” of the body surface on the cerebral cortex. Similarly, neurons that are involved in controlling hand movements are grouped together in a “hand area” of the motor cortex |
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Term
| Opposite side of the body |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor events on one side of the body are perceived, interpreted and controlled by the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side of the body (the contralateral side). The sensory and motor pathways (tracts) are therefore crossed at some point. The reason for this is not known. |
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Term
| The Spinal cord Structure |
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Definition
| The spinal cord is a slender column of nervous tissue that passes downward from the brain to the vertebral canal. The spinal cord is continuous with the brain, but is said to begin where the nervous tissue leaves the cranial cavity at the level of the foramen magnum. |
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Term
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Definition
anteror = ventral
posterior = dorsal
Anterior and Posterior are used to reference humans
Dorsal and Ventral are used for animals |
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Term
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves |
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Definition
The nerves that emerge from the spinal cord
The nerves that emerge from the brain are called cranial nerves
Together, these nerves make peripheral nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory nerve conveying information from the olfactory cells of the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory nerve conveying information from the photoreceptor cells of the retina of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling the eyelids, pupil diameter, and extraocular muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling extraocular muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor component controlling muscles of mastication and muscles in the floor of the buccal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling extraocular muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the the motor component controls muscles associated with facial expression, the lacrymal glands, and salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory, conveying information from the cochlea (sound) vestibular apparatus (balance, equilibrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor component controlling muscles in the pharynx involved in swallowing, salivary glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor component controls muscles involved in speech and swallowing, with a large autonomic group of nerve fibers that affect heart function, as well as smooth muscle and glands in the viscera of the abdomen. |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling muscles of the so palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back |
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Term
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Definition
| controlling muscles that move the tongue |
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Term
| Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacation Are Heavenly. |
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Definition
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomutor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to nerve for the arms, |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to nerves for the legs |
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Term
| The dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) roots |
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Definition
| Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short branches, the dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) roots, which are protected within the vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
-The dorsal root (or sensory root) has an enlargement called the dorsal root ganglion.
-The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons whose nerve endings are often specially adapted to act as sensory receptors. The axons of these sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root and from synapses with other neurons in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vental root (or motor root) is actually composed of a number of rootlets, and carries the axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of skin innervated by a single root is called a dermatome. Dermatomes are important clinically, because loss of sensation in a particular dermatome indicates the level of a spinal lesion or damage to a spinal nerve root. |
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Term
Anterior (ventral) median fissure
Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus |
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Definition
| The spinal cord is partially diveded into right and left halves by a deep anterior (ventral) median fissure and a shollow posterior (dorsal) median sulcus |
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Term
| The gray matter - Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| consists of many cell bodies of different neurons with their axons and dendrites, occupies the central region of the cord, and looks tike a butterfly |
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Term
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Definition
| the two vertical bars forming the of the H |
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Term
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Definition
| the two vertical bars forming the bottom of the H |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cell bodies of motor neurons neurons are clusted in the ventral horn gray matter. Other neurons in the spinal cord gray matter are internuerons. Some of these interneurons send axons in the lateral and ventral columns of the white matter for distances ranging from a few to many segments up and down the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of nerve fiber tracts, is divided by the gray matter into anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal) and lateral funiculi |
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Term
| The major functions of the spinal cord are |
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Definition
-Major pathway for all information ascending to the brain from the system of the body.
-Major pathway for all commands descending from the brain to the muscles and other effector systems
-Able to execute certain simple behavioral activities without involving the brain. These activities are referred to as spinal reflexes. (Additionally, neural networks in the spinal cord are responsible for storing the motor program involved in walking) |
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Term
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Definition
| Three major ascending systems conveying somatic sensory information to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
Ascend in the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus of the spinal cord white matter. They synapse with neurons in the nucleus gracilis and nuclues cuneatus in the medulla.
The fibers from these neurons cross over to the opposite side in the medulla, so that signals from sensory receptors on the left side of the body are transmitted to the right side of the brain, and vice versa |
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Term
| Dorsal column: Sensory Information Carried By This System |
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Definition
a) fine, discrimination tough
b) vibration
c) kinesthesia, proprioception (limb movement, prison)
d. pressure |
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Term
| Ascending: Anterior and lateral tracts |
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Definition
| Include the anterior and lateral spinothalmic tracts, are older on the evolutionary scale than the dorsal column tracts. The anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts are located in the lateral and anterior funiculi of the spinal cord white matter. Most of the nerve fibers in this system cross over to the opposite side in the spinal cord. There is a small contingent of uncrossed fibers |
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Term
| Anterior and lateral tracts - Sensory Information Carried By This System |
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Definition
a) crude touch (includes tickle and itch
b) pain
c) temperature |
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Term
| Ascending: Spinocerebellar Tracts |
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Definition
| Include the ventral (anterior) spinocerebellar tract and the dorsal (posteriot spinocerebellar tract. They are located funiculi of the spinal cord white matter |
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Term
| Spinocerebellar tracts - Sensory Information Carried By This System |
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Definition
a) feedback to the cerebellum of motor signals arriving at the motor neurons in the anterior horns
B) muscle spindle discharges
c) Golgi tendon organ discharges
d) information from the joint receptors
e) input from certain skin tactile receptors that provide clues to joint movements and position |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in direct movements, maintenance of posture, modulating ascending sensory systems such as pain, and gating spinal reflex loops |
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Term
| Descending: Corticospinal Tracts |
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Definition
| In humans there is really only one major tract, the lateral corticospinal tract. It originates in the cerebral cortex, crosses over in the medulla, and descend in the lateral funiculi. It is sometimes called pyramidal tract. Deals with commands for finely controlled movements, often involving the hands and digits |
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Term
| Descending: reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, and tectospinal tracts |
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Definition
Originating in the brain stem.
The reticulospinal tract originates in the reticular formation of the medulla and pons and descends in the medial region of the anterior funiculi. It is not not crossed, but neurons receiving input from this tract may project to both sides of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Descending: rubrospinal tract |
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Definition
| The rubrospinal tract originates in the red nucleus (nucleus ruber) of the brain stem, crosses over immediately and descends in the lateral funiculi close to the lateral corticospinal tract. Commands passing down this tract control movements similar to those controlled by the corticospinal tract, but the movements are coarser and not so finely regulated. |
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Term
| Spinal Reflex: Basic Components |
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Definition
-sensory receptor
-sensory neuron attached to receptor
-interneuron (sometimes)
-motor neuron
-effector (gland or muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
-Knee Jerk Reflex
-Stretch Reflex (maintains posture)
-Withdrawal Reflex (something hot)
-Crossed Extensor Reflex (step on a nail) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Cord is cut at the level of the neck or thorax, all spinal reflexes are temporarily lost |
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