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| - 3 groups of protists all have similar stacks of vesicles below plasma membrane. They look very similar to the alveoli in our lungs. |
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| fine hairs from longer of 2 flagella some lost identifying hairs ome have lost some of those hairs and are grouped with this group because of molecular evidence that shows common descent from hairy flagella ancestors. |
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| unicellular aquatic long thin almost rigid sudopodia |
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| diverse include lost mitochondria groups |
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classic amoeba and slime molds
lobe shape sudopodia for both locomotion and for eating
extension of cytoplasm- cytoplasm streaming |
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| How does compartmentalization lead to internal structure? |
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| eukaryotes have organelles that each carry out independent functions. They can do different things, develop in different ways. |
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| Why is the loss of the cell wall critical to eukaryotic development? |
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| Plasma membrane fold on itself pinch in. |
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| How are the protists profoundly paraphyletic? |
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| Because they are grouped by what they are not |
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| flagella, cilia, pseudopdia |
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| sexual reproduction in ciliates, |
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| Contains two flagella; one short, causing it to spin and one long, causing it to move forward |
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| Moves by waving many tiny filaments extending from all around the body |
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| It is truly gigantic some species can reach of the 16 m, this also makes calling protists microbial eukaryotes problematic. Kelp forests grow in shallow water around the world and they represent a really unique ecosystem. One of the largest photosynthetic “protists” |
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| they are unicellular that they differentiate from the dinoflagellate because they have this unique shell of silica, they can use both sexual and asexual reproduction and asexual reproduction is a unique form of binary vision, it is somewhat constrained due to the thick silicas shell. They have lost both of their flagella except for the male gametes. They are found in all of the oceans they are common in coastal waters and a very good energy producers. |
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| water molds in the downy mildew's, even though they look like fungui and were once group with the fungus we have found out that this is not the case. Molds are filamentous in form and they are not motile so they cannot move, they have a specific heterotrophy which uses external digestion. Water molds extreme digestive enzymes into the environment, the digestive enzymes than break down what ever it lands on in the water mold is able to uptake the nutrients. It is like you threw up stomach acid on your spaghetti and drink up with a straw. Most of the terrestrial oomycetes are not harmful decomposers they need of dead things for us. But there are a few which are serious plant pathogens which cause a lot of problems for plants. |
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| Do not see any of these on land. Characterized by having long been almost rigid pseudopdia and they do not look like what I showed you would on the amoeba. group of rhizarians are called the foraminiferans they are unicellular and a Marine protists and what their extracellular material built like tiny snails, make shells with an organic material that reinforces their shape, then organic portions that damn bad into their extrasketal material can be a lot of things like sand. Depending on what they use in their shell formation the shell vary widely in color and appearance and this allows for them to fossilized very easily. Based on what they used in their extracellular material and dating with him we can tell what things were around when they were alive. |
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| there that about there with both flagella some flagella rotate like bacterial ones do but most of the home wave like the rest of eukaryotic do. Others use cilia which is just short flagella like protrusions that wave by water current around the organisms to move. But some like this amoeba use pseudopdia |
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| some like the amoeba are only surrounded by the plasma membrane, but many protists have extracellular material that is deposited on that membrane, in fact this appear is another species of amoeba that is built itself in a lightbulb shape and it is a shell of sand grains in which there is a little hole in the bulb which the pseudopdia can move. In general when protist do have extracellular material it is there to shield the protist from negative aspects of the environment kind of like a shell. |
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| There are auto and heterotrophic protists, here I have a picture of some Paramecium eating some green algae that is heterotrophic and it is a lot harder to get a photo photosynthesis they get easier imagination for that part. Photosynthesis is actually really interesting in the protist, some became photosynthetic by primary endosymbiosis which is a cyanobacteria and a ancestor to red and green algae. |
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| The development of multiceullularity? |
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| Eventually individual members of the colony could assume different jobs like mating are digesting. Then the colony will become to cease functioning like a colony and more function like an individual |
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| protists are a spore forming parasite of animals they all have a specialized structure at the end of their cells called the apical complexes. It is what they use to penetrate the cell and get inside the host body. The most famous genus of apicomplexans are the plasmodium falciparum species and all most all of them cause malaria. |
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| extraordinarily diverse and include some groups that have lost their mitochondria. |
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| Diplomonads and parabasalids |
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| exclusively unicellular butter need because they lost her mitochondria, mitochondria loss is a derived trait, and the ancestral groups had mitochondria, so what is need about these guys is that they show us that it is possible to be a eukaryotes without having mitochondria. |
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| Unicellular organisms that do have mitochondria and have a very derived hairy single flagella. They lost the ability to be sexual in use binary vision. They are exclusively heterotrophic and some are exclusively photosynthetic so this is a very diverse group in term of metabolism in the protists. The cool thing about photosynthetic euglenids if you keep them out in the sunlight they can become heterotrophic, they can actually gain another metabolic pathway. redevelop the photosynthetic behavior if they return to the sun.were made by endosymbiosis of green algae so they are a secondary, and that is where they got their green color. |
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| contain the classic amoeba as well as two groups of slime molds.Slime molds are literally moving masses of living slime. All of these groups use lobe shape pseudopdia. |
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| flowing expansion of cytoplasm that extends forward and when that happens and pulls the amoeba forward. |
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| lassic amoeba these are all unicellular and unlike the slime mold they do not aggravate they live individually. Find the mostly the bottom of lakes and streams and take advantage of the sediments at the bottom of these lakes. They are all heterotrophic |
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| are huge angle cell but multi-nucleus, no division between the nuclear they all exist together in a giant single cell. |
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| function more like individual cells that live colonial lead together, these individual cells and differentiate, they represent an early form of multicellular organisms. During vegetative stages, meaning there not reproducing, both groups ooze and engulf anything they can is absorb on their way and slime molds can grow indefinitely this way as long as there is enough food to provide them with enough nutrients. When there is not enough food and goes into a stage that is dormant or if becomes reproductive. When that happens and makes us fruiting bodies and will be blown off in the wind and cared along the water to find hopefully better conditions to start new slime mold colonies. |
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| that live in colonies and are closely together look like modern sponges which have been showed to be genetically very closely related. Sponges are the most basal animal group. Sponges and coanoflagellates have homologous traits that show us how closely related they are. |
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| Plasma membrane extra cellular network make sand for shields |
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| is a famous dinoflagellate because it causes red tides and there is a majority of them. They are not uncommon in coastal areas during the tides species overgrow to such an extent that they release toxins from their metabolism that kill fish, birds and marine animals the people come to fear red tides |
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| famous genus of apicomplexans |
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| Loss of cell wall, cell membrane folding in which increase surface area, endosymbiosis makes mitochondria, form nucleus and ER |
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| "Protist” group most closely related to plants |
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| A Diplomonads and parabasalids, and the most famous, most common source of diarrhea in humans, and many other animal groups. Main reason why you should not drink water out of creeks must have a filter in your water bottle. |
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