Term
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Definition
| -the portion of the optic n that is visible on exam |
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Term
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Definition
| -coroid + retina + optic n |
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Term
| What is special about the fundus of the eye? |
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Definition
| -only place you can see neural tissue and blood vessels |
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Term
| What is special about a horse's fundus? What about ruminants? |
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Definition
-cannot see retinal vessels in a horse
-ruminants have monster retinal vessels |
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Term
| What is blepharospasm indicative of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -eyelids and glandular tissues that support the eyeball itself |
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Term
| When is retropulsion contraindicated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of fornices? |
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Definition
| -tend to house foreign bodies |
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Term
| What is the purpose of testing the menace reflex? What is the afferent arm? Efferent? |
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Definition
-assess vision and blink
-Vision: retina, optic nerve, optic tracts, visual cortex
-Blink: facial nerve (VII), motor to eyelids |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the palpebral reflex? Afferent arm? Efferent arm? |
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Definition
-assess eyelid sensation and blink
-Eyelid sensation: trigeminal nerve (V)
-Blink: facial nerve (VII), motor to eyelids |
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Term
| Do we have the lights on or off when we test the menace reflex and palpebral refled? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give three examples of clinical situations in which more than a menace reflex is needed to assess vision. |
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Definition
-puppies less than 2 weeks
-really old dogs
-cats |
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Term
| How do we test vision other than with the menace reflex? |
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Definition
-cotton balls
-obstacle course |
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Term
| What does the pupillary light reflex assess>? |
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Definition
-retina, optic nerve (afferent)
-parasympathetic fibers of oculomoter nerve (CN III), ciliary ganglion, iris/pupil function (efferent) |
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Term
| True or False: The pupillary light reflexes assess vision. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, does NOT assess vision |
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Term
| Do we have the lights on or off to assess the pupillary light reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the lights off, we use retroillumination to assess what parts of the eye? How do we do this? |
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Definition
-clear media: cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous
-viewing against he bright reflex of the tapetum |
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Term
| What does a normal cornea look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which angle do we view abnormalities of the cornea? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we evaluate the anterior chamber? What does it normally look like? |
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Definition
-slit beam aperture on direct ophthalmoscope for clarity and depth
-normally clear |
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Term
| How do we evaluate the lens? What does it normally look like? |
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Definition
-myadriasis
-clarity and position |
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Term
| How do we evaluate the fundus? |
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Definition
| -indirect ophthalmoscoy, direct ophthalmoscopy, role of mydriasis |
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Term
| What is different about the image of the fundus that results from indirect opthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvatnages of indirec tophthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
-Advantages: larger field of view, better view through opacitis in clear media, viewer has depth perception, farther from patient's face
-Disadvantages: image is upside down and reversed, learned technique |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct ophthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
-Advantages: easy to perform, image is upright, magnified image
-Disadvantages: very small field of view, any opacities interfere with view, close to patient's face |
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Term
| To hat does fluorescein adhere? Why is this important? |
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Definition
-to corneal stroma, NOT to epithelium or Descemet's membrane
-a fluorescein stain will be negative if you are all the way down to Descemet's membrane |
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Term
| Describe the results of a positive fluorescein stain. |
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Definition
-stain comes out the nose
-means patent nasolacrimal system |
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Term
| Describe the results of a negative fluorescein stain. |
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Definition
-no fluorescein comes out the nose
-UNDETERMINED patency of nasolacrimal system |
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Term
| To what does rose bengal stain adhere to? |
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Definition
| -dead or devitalized epithelial cells |
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Term
| What do we use rose bengal stain for? |
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Definition
| -detection of early loss of corneal epithelial cells: FHV, EHV, early fungal infection of the cornea |
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Term
| Is it preferable to anesthetize a culture fo the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| For the cornea, what do we culture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would we culture the conjunctiva of the eye? |
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Definition
| -only culture if ruling out chlamydophila or mycoplasma in small ruminants or cats |
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Term
| True or False: Always culture ocular discharge. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the indications of ocular cytology? |
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Definition
-to diagnose corneal fungal infections
-to diagnose bacterial corneal infections before culture results (inculde gram stain)
-to assess cellular population (inflammatory, neoplastic, suppurativ) |
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Term
| What is the primary site used for ocular cytology? Secondary site> |
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Definition
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Term
| Do we use anesthetic for ocular cytology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we use to gather a corneal cytology sample? What about a conjunctival one? |
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Definition
-cytobrush
-handle attachment end of a #10 or #15 blade, spatula, or cytobrush |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a cytobrush? |
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Definition
-easy to use
-cannot damage cornea
-make excellent quality slides |
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