A type of endocrine gland stiulus where nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

It usually causes short-term rsponses (e.g. increased heart rate, increased blood glucose).

The nervous system (i.e. neural stimuli) can override normal endocrine controls.

Zona Glamerulosa: The outer layer. It produces aldosterone (mineralocorticods)

Zona Fasiculata: cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Zona Reticularis: androgens (gonadocorticoids)

Occurs in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

After being stimulated by  hormones from the hypothalamus, the adenohypophysis secretes hormones to  specific endocrine glands (e.g. thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonad/testes) to secrete their own hormones.

Some hormones it releases: Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH/thyrotropin), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Lutinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL)

• Integrating link b/t the nervous and endocrine system.
• Controls the autonomic nervous system in orer to regulate:
• body temperature
• thirst, hunger
• sexual behavior
• devensive reactions
• Hypothalamus and pituitary gland also a key endocrine gland affecting:
• growth
• development
• metabolism
• homeostasis

• Anterior Pituityar - Secretes 6 Hormones
• Prolactin (PRL)
• Thyrotropin (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
• Growth Hormone (GH)
• Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
• Posterior Pituitary - Stores & releases two neurohormones
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
• Oxytocin

1. When appropriately stimulate, hypothalamic neurons are secreted, releaseing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus.
2. Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the anteiror pituitary gland where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
3. Anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus.

• Neural tissue
• Comprised of infundibulum and posterior pituitary.
• Unlike the anterior pituitary, the posterior does not synthesize hormones. It stores and releases neurohormones (not truely an endocrine gland).
• Hypotalamus neurons synthesize oxytocin and ADH  which are then transported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary gland which stores them.
• 2 Neurohormones Stored:
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin - regulates water balance in the body
• Oxytocin - Regulates social, sexual,a nd maternal behaviors

1. Hypothalamic neurons synthesisze oxytocin and ADH.
2. Oxytocin and ADH are transported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.
3. Oxytocin and ADh are stored in vesicles in the posterior pituitary.
4. Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when hypothalamic neurons fire.

• Released by neurons into the bloodstrea.
• Catecholamines - Made my modified neurons in the adrenal medulla. Released in response to sympathetic hormones.
• Hypothalamic neurohormones - Secreted from the posterior pituitary gland
• Hypothalamic neurohormones that control hormone - released from the anterior pituitary gland.

• Normal blood flow: artery --> capillary --> vein --> back to heart
• Portal system: capillary network --> portal vein ---> capillary network, no passing through the heart

• Caused by a non-functional GH receptor
• Symptoms: dwarfs.
• Treatment: Administering of recombinant IFG-1 (plays a role in children's growth). Administering this for years supresses GH and serum insulin but icreases production of IFG-1. It accelerates linear growth and even prlongs biological half-life.
• It is noted that individuals with this mutation do not get cancer or diabetes. The mutation seems to prevent diabetes by allowing people to function on very low levels of insul. Prevents cancer by reducing DNA damage in cells and helping to eliminate abnormal cells.

Catecholamine

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Catecholamines are the family group for epinephrine and norepinephrine.

"Reticularis"  (not actually a hormone, used for)

Androgens

Gonadocorticoids

Plus Gonadocorticoids are in the same category, sex hormones.

Connection: both steroids

glucocorticoids

cortisol

Connection: same family & both have "a"

"Glomerulosa"  (not actually a hormone, just used for _)

Aldosterone

Mineralcorticoids