Term
|
Definition
involves the *synthesis* of new molecules, uses energy.
Ex. the synthesis of proteins from amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves the breakdown of molecules, a process that is usually designed to generate energy.
Ex. the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a polysaccharide, and is the storage form carbohydrates, specifically glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The creation of Glycogen. Glycogen consists of long chains of mocosaccharide gulucose.
Adjacent monosaccharide molecules are strung together by elimination of a hydroxyl group (-OH) from one of them and hydrogen (H) from the other. creating water (H20) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule.
(-OH + H = H20) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fats are triglycerides and stored in adipose tissues. A molecule of fat consists of a *glycerol* molecule joined to three fatty acids
Fat synthesis occurs by elimination of the elements of water from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. *dehydration synthesis* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins consist of chains of amino acids united by a covalent bond called a peptide bond.
The peptide bond is established by dehydration synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Catabolic Metabolism |
|
Definition
1)polysaccharides (eg. glycogen) into monosaccharides (eg. glucose)
2)Proteins into amino acids
3) fats into fatty acids and glycerol
uses process of hydrolysis (addition of a water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins that act as catalysts for specific chemical reactions. They speed up reactions but are not consumed.
Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of the reaction, so increasing the rate of the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The energy required to begin a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme + A.B→enzyme.A.B.→enzyme+A+B
Lactace+Lactose→lactase.lactose→lactase+glucose+galactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances required for some enzymes to function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some enzymes are ineffective unless there is a specific metal ion is present.
Some of these metals are called trace elements because although they are essential components of our diet they are only needed in very small quantities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small organic molecules that work with enzymes. Many are derived from vitamin B complex
Examples of coenzymes are found oxidation-reduction reaction: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotid (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some poisons such as cyanide interfere with the respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria and kill cells by halting their ability to make ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
romoval of two or more hydrogen atoms from a molecule.
Lactate+NAD+ --(lactate dehydrogenase)--> pyruvate+NADH + H
In this oxydation, therefore, NAD+ acquires two electrons and one proton (the other proton goes into solution). The resulting NADH molecules therefore store electrons generated in the body's oxidation reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the electron in NADH together with hydrogen ions from the solution) will be used to interact with atmospheric oxygen to form water in the reaction:
4e- + 4H + O2 --> 2 H20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opposite of oxidation. Refers to the addition of hydrogen atoms (electrons and hydrogen ions) to a molecule.
Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupled: whenever a substances is oxidized, another is reduced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Synthesize molecules (anabolic metabolism)
2) Generate force and movement (in muscles)
3) Carry out active transport across membranes (e.g. pumping sodium ions out of cells). |
|
|
Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
| a store of energy that can diffuse around the cell, and can be used to drive many different reactions |
|
|
Term
| What happens to polysaccharides and disaccarides during digestion? |
|
Definition
| They are hydrolyzed (split by enzymes and water) to monosaccharides --glucose, fructose and galactose. After absorption by the small intestine they are carried to the liver, where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mono saccharide that is burned to produce energy in the body.
Any glucose that is not used for immediate energy production is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells in the form of granules of the polysaccharide glycogen.
If the glycogen storage areas are filled up, the liver transforms glucose to fat, which is stored in adipose tissue.
Glucose after burned produces: carbon dioxide, water and energy(heat and ATP) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps for the controlled burning of glucose. |
|
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. formation of acetyl coenzyme A
3. addition of the acetyl two-carbon fragment to oxaloacetic acid to form citric to form citric acid in the Krebs cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation, or the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts one 6-carbon molecule of glucose to two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate, in the process generating two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH |
|
|
