• Parietal serosa lines the internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs (i.e. visceral --> viscera)
• Serous fluid separates the serosae, preventing friction caused by organs rubbing against each other

• Provides protection, heat, defensem, and endocrine
• Includes: skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands

Provides protection, locomotion, and metabolic activities

Includes: bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, & bone marro 

Provides movement, heat, and posture

Includes skeletal muscles, tendons, and aponeuroses

Collects and processes information

Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs

Provides communication, regulation and integration of body systems

Inclues: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, thymus, ovary testis, pancreas

Functions to pump blood to and from the body.

Includes: heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries

Functions to exchange gas, supply oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

Includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, larync, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Provides fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and excreation of waste products

Includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

• Isolates cellular contents from external environment; provides mechanism to control constant intracellular environment
• Outer surface can adhere to the extracellular matirx and other cells through integrins (transmembrne proteins)
• Plasma membrane interacts with cytoskeletal elements to determine cell shape and movement

• Proteins receptors that mediate attachment b/t a cell and the tissues surrounding it.
• Integrins also play a role in cell signal transduction.
• Allows the plasma membrane to adhere to the extracellular matrix.

• Contains many substances need by the body; substances produced as waste and being transported elsewhere; or substances ingested or exposed to it; it bathes and surrounds the cells
• Similar composition to plasma

• Material between the cell membrane and nucleus:
• Cytosol
• Cytoplasmic organelles
• Inclusions (non-living substances including nutrients, lipid droplets, melanin, etc.)

• A junction in which the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together.
• Attach by interlocking junctional proteins.
• It is an "impermeable" junction
• Most minerals absorbed by the body are transferred through the tight junctions of the intestinal cells.

• Junction scattered along the sides of cells; found in cells that are subjected to pulling forces
• Integrin protein link

• A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
• A channel forms b/t neighboring integrin proteins.

• A Lysososmal Storage Disease
• A recessive genetic disorder that results in insufficient activity of the lysosomal enxyme hexosaminidase A which catalyzes the biodegradation of lipids
• Nerve cells become distended with gangliosides which is visible as a large red spot in the back of the eye. Gangliosides accumulates in the brain and causes cell death
• A loss-of-function disease, often due to a mutation in a protein that impacts: balance in protein folding, trafficking, degradation, and alters protein homeostasis
• Patients with TSD become blind, deaf, cannot swallow, have muscle paralysis, and infants have an increased startle reflex.

A genetic disorder in which there is a multation in the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal membrane transporter.

• People with ALD accumulate high levels of saturated bery long chain fatty acids in the brain and adrenal cortex.
• There is progressive myelin dmage and destruction.