• permits flow of molecules across the membrane

semi-fluid substance

high water content

contains organelles

smallest known cells 

mostmetabolically diverse

ex: bacteria and archaea-live in extreme conditions 

cells entire collection of DNA- chromatin

inside nucleus

where subunits of ribosomes are preficated before they are shipped out of nucleus

• consists of 2 bilayers
• outer layer continuous with ER
• contain pores that allow molecules to move between cytoplasm and nucleus 
• pores are highly controlled and only select molecules may pass through
• protect DNA

no ribosomes

enzymes within make lipids: for cell membrane and energy storage

store and transport substances 

carry materials to to plasma membrane

bring in materials (phagocytosis)

dispose of wastes, debris, or toxic material

polypeptide proteins and lipids undergo final processing, sorting, and packing 

then are taken away by vesicles to be disposed of

• makes ATP aerobically
• has outer and inner mambrane (cristae)
• has its own DNA and ribosomes
• reasembles bacteria
• mat have evolved through endosymbiosis

• only in plant cells
• function in photsynthesis or in storage in plants and algae

• most familiar plastid
• critical to photosynthesis
• grana absorb sunlight to form ATP
• sugars fromed in the stroma
• contains chlorophyl

• only in plant cells
• store amino acids, sugars, ions, and wastes

primary and secondary

in protists, fungi, plants, and animals

• cell secretions from the surounding areas between cells 
• usually carbs and proteins used to provide structural support/rigidity
• ex: collagen in bones (mineral deposits)

• IN PLANTS
• tiny channels that connect the cytoplasm
• use cell signalling to cut sown time and increase efficiency

• in ANIMAL cells
• connect cell to cell so there is an impermiable barrier
• ex: GI tract

hold cells together to ECM

ex: muscles

Cytoskeleton

• interconnected system of protein filaments, some premanant, some temporary, 
• reinforce, organize, and move cell structures
• extends from plasma membrane to the nucleus

comprised of protein called tubulin

ex: spindle microtubles cell division of chromosomes

make up cell cortex

protiens suuch as actin and myosin found in muscle cells 

most constant portion

maintain cell tissue structure

ex: under cell membrane

• have 9-2 cross-sectional array (9 pairs of microtubles on outside surround 2 microtubles)
• function outside of the cell but 9+2 cross section remains on inside of cell
• FLagella are longer than cilia