• single units of a substance
• used to make larger molecules---> polymers

• large units made up of monomers 
• energy is released when polymers are broken down into monomers

• "one sugar units"; simple
• simplest carbs
• ex: ribose and dioxyribose 
• ex of simple sugars: glucose, fructose

• "two sugar unit"; simple
• ex: maltose, lactose

• "few sugar units"; complex
• short chain of 3 or more sugar monomers

• chain of many sugar monomers; complex
• ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

• plant storage form of energy
• carb. polymer

• used in plant cell walls 

• nitrogen is attached to glucose units
• structural material in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

• fatty, oily, or waxy
• are insoluble
• function: energy storage, membrane structure (phospholipids), coatings
• major energy resevoir (energy storage)

• long schian of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and a carboxyl group

• chain of 3 carbons and a hydroxyl group 
• made when 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids react with a glycerol's hydroxyl group

• have only single C-C bonds 
• are solid at room temp.

• have one or more double bonds--->kinks in tail
• liquid/oil at room temp.

• main structural unit of cell membrane
• hydrophilic, polar heads
• hydrophobic, nonpolar tails

• water repellant coatings
• long chain of fatty acids to long chain of alcohols

• 4 carbon backbone
• no fatty acid tails

• component of animal cell membranes
• modified into many different molecules
• ex: bile in liver and stored in gall bladder; vitamin D; sex hormones

• make up proteins
• amino group, carboxyl group, and R group

• made up of amino acids
• function as enzymes, aid in cell movement, storage and transport, hormones, antibodies, structural material

helical coils resulting from hydrogen bonding off site groups on the polypeptide chain

(individual sheets- alpha helices)

2 or more polypeptide chains form fibrous proteins

ex: Hemoglobin

function is lost

caused by: high temps, change in pH, salts, detergents

• have a 5 carbon sugar (ribose, deoxyribose), nitrogen containing base, and phosphate group
• make up nucleic acid

• polymers of nucleotides
• ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 1 less oxygen than RNA; carries genetic info.
• RNA (ribonucleic acid) translates DNA code

consist only of hydrogen and oxygen

nonpolar, insoluble in water

• covalent bonding of 2 molecules to form a larger one
• water forms as a product
• (2 small molecules---> 1 big moelcule)

• reverse of condensation 
• clevage reactions split larger moleculse into smaller ones
• (1 large molecule---> 2 smaller molecules)

• not made from body and must come from food
• ex: Omega-3 from fish

• 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
• most abundant energy source in vertebrates
• in adipose tissues (insulation and cushioning)