Term
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Definition
| A part of an organism or substcance that the immune system recognizes as non-self |
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Term
True or False
The immune system operates in isolation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Pre-formed antibodies acquired from an outside source such as colostrum or maternal anterbodies |
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Term
| What is the half life of most antibodies acquired through passive immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two branches of the active immune system? |
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Definition
Innate (non specific)
Adaptive (specific) |
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Term
| What are some of the anatomical defenses of the non-specific immune system? |
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Definition
Skin/hooves/hair
Mucus membranes
Mucus
cilia
Lacrimal excretions (tears) |
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Term
| What are some of the humoral defenses of the non-specific immune system? |
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Definition
Complement system
Cytokines
Lysozymes |
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Term
| What is the complement system? |
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Definition
-circulating immune molecules
-can be activated to induce vascular permeability, recruit phagocytes, lysis, opsonization |
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Term
| What are the 3 roles of the complement system? |
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Definition
Complement fixation
-binding to & destroying foreign cell mmb
Opsoniztion
-tagging foreign cells to stimulate phagocytosis
Trigger an inflammatory reaction
-walls off damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| communication molecules, part of the non-specific immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes which break down cell walls of bacteria, part of the non-specific immune system |
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Term
True or False
Phagocytes have 'memory' |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cellular defenses of the non-specific immune system
-neutrophils & macrophages
-engulf & digest foreign particles |
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Term
| Describe the action of neutrophils |
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Definition
-attracted to site of infection by chemotaxis
-activated, marginate in circulation, squeeze through endothelial junction & migrate to targeted site
-perform phagocytosis & release cytokines to initiate a specific immune response |
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Term
| What is the most common type of neutrphil |
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Definition
| Polymorphonuclear granulocytes |
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Term
| What are monocytes? What do they do? |
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Definition
circulating RBCs, part of the non-specific cellular defense of the immune system
-cytoplasm contain lysosomes
-will eventually leave circulation to become macrophages in tissue (differentiation)
-non specific removal of fungi, bacteria, necrotic debris
-act as an Antigen Presenting Cell to T-lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are macrophages? What do they do? |
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Definition
monocytes which have differentiated in different cells
-activated by phagocytosis of certain antigens, secretion of T cells, bacterial cell walls
-act as Antigen Presenting Cells
-activate helper T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signalling to activate & attract immune cells |
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Term
| Describe the basic action of the innate immune system |
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Definition
1. Antigen causes tissue damage
2. Vasoactive factors activate the complement system, chemotactic factors attract phagocytic cells
3. Opsonization, phagocytosis, antigen destruction |
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Term
| Compare the non-specific & specific immune systems |
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Definition
Non Specific
-antigen independent
-immediate maximum response
-not antigen specific
-no immunologic memory
Specific
-antigen dependent
-lag time between exposure & max response
-antigen specific
-immunologic memory |
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Term
| What are the 2 wings of the specific immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the humoral wing of the specific immune system? |
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Definition
B cells (plasma & memory cells)
Production of specific antibodies e.g. IgM, IgG |
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Term
| What is the cell mediated wing of the specific immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of lymphocytes, what do they look like/how are they produced/where are they stored? |
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Definition
B cells
-from bone marrow
-round, mostly nucleus
T cells
-from bone marrow, but mature in thymus
-stored in lymph nodes |
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Term
| Describe the process of antibody production by B lymphocytes |
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Definition
-naive lymphocytes scan for antigens
-B cell is stimulated, divides repeatedly
-forms a clone of the antibody-secreting plasma cells
-the large population of cells secrete enough antibodies to help WBC destroy bacteria
-some cells will become memory B cells one the 'attack' is done |
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Term
| What are the types of antibodies produced by B cells and where are they found? |
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Definition
IgA - mucosal surfaces
IgM - mainly in blood circulation
IgG - equally in circulation & in tissue
IgE - associated with parasites & allergies |
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Term
| What is the most common antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do antibodies function? |
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Definition
-released into intercellular fluid
-bind to infecting antigen & flag it for destruction by phagocytes & complement system
-coating prevents attachment/invasion by bacteria/viruses
-bind toxins secreted by pathogens |
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Term
| How do helper T cells work? |
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Definition
-see the same antigens on both the macrophage & B cel
-stimulates the B cell to start producing antibodies by releasing interleukins
-some cells will remain after the attack as memory cells |
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Term
| How do cytotoxic T cells work? |
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Definition
-recognize infected cells with specific antigen complexes
-dissolve membranes to destroy the cells
-some will remain after the attack as memory cells |
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Term
| What are antibodies made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is nutrition important for immunity? |
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Definition
-antibodies are made of proteins (need AAs in diet)
-many vitamins & minerals act as cofactors in phagocytic & cell lysis reactions |
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Term
| What some of the minerals & vitamins important for immune function? |
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Definition
Vit E, A, Selenium, Copper
-prevent oxidative damage to phagocytes
Iron
Zinc |
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Term
| What is the difference between vaccination & immunization |
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Definition
Vaccination: to administer a vaccine
Immunization: to stimulate a protective immune response |
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Term
| What are killed virus vaccines? |
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Definition
-completely inactivated virus cells, no replication
-adjuvant added to increase the immune response
-targets the humoral component of the specific immune system |
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Term
| What are the advantages of using a killed virus vaccine? |
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Definition
-stimulates a good humoral response
-can be used in all stages of lactation
-no risk of shedding
-no risk of reversion to virulence
-properly stored, a partial bottle can be used (economical in a production setting) |
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Term
| What are the disadvantage of using a killed virus vaccine? |
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Definition
-primer dose needs to be 'boostered' in 2-4 weeks (added cost)
-cannot stimulate a cell mediated response
-antibodies alone are not protective enough for many diseases
-some antibodies are produced against strains of the vaccine
-have high levels of antibody for short periods of time (need frequent boosters 4-6 months) |
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Term
| What is a modified live vaccine? |
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Definition
| -produces a low-level infection, the virus will replicate in the host in order to generate an immune response |
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Term
| What are the advantages of using a modified live vaccine? |
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Definition
-stimulates a cell mediate and humoral response
-a single does will provide good protection
-more rapid immune response
-longer lasting protection |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of using a modified live vaccine? |
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Definition
-cannot be given to pregnant animals (some exceptions)
-meed to be mixed prior to use (room for error)
-can be inactivated by heat, sunlight, residues in syringe etc
-must be used within hours of mixing, cannot use partial bottles |
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Term
| Protection from disease is a function of both ___ and ____ |
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Definition
| host resistance and pathogen challenge |
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Term
| What does a successful vaccination program look like? |
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Definition
| nothing! Success means there are no/few outbreaks of the disease for which you vaccinated |
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