__ - ice cream truck

__ - salivation when hear ice cream truck bell

CS

CR

Stimulus generalization

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus discrimination

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Spontaneous recovery

___ is a relatively permanent change in behavior.

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

Higher-order conditioning

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

___s may lead to phobias

CERs may lead to phobias – ___.

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Vicarious conditioning

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association.

Conditioned taste aversion

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

Biological preparedness

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Operant conditioning

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Skinner’s Contribution

__

wanted to study only observable, measurable behavior.

Behaviorist

any behavior that is voluntary.

Learning depends on what happens after the response ______

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Reinforcement

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch.

Primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Secondary reinforcer

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Shaping

Successive approximations

Extinction

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Operantly conditioned 

___ recovery also happens in operant conditioning.

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Punishment

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Punishment by application

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Punishment by removal

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How to make punishment more effective

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1.Punishment should ____ follow the behavior it is meant to punish.

2.Punishment should be ___.

3.Punishment of the wrong behavior should be ___, whenever possible, with ___ of the right behavior.

1. immediately

2. consistent

3. paired

reinforcement

How to make punishment more effective (place in right order)

-- Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior

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-- Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish.

-- Punishment should be consistent.

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1.Punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish.

2.Punishment should be consistent.

3.Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.

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Schedules of Reinforcement

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction.

Partial reinforcement effect

Schedules of Reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response.

Continuous reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same.

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

Schedules of Reinforcement

of reinforcement schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same.

Schedules of Reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Behavior modification

the use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control.

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Biofeedback

Behavior modification

form of biofeedback using brainscanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

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Neurofeedback

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any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.

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Behavior modification

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Token economy

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Time-out

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Essentially, the organism is being “____” from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention.

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Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

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Instinctive drift

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Each animal comes into the world (and the laboratory) with certain genetically determined instinctive patterns of behavior already in place.

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These ____ differ from species to species.

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There are some responses that simply cannot be trained into an animal regardless of ____.

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early cognitive scientist

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Edward Tolman’s best-known experiments in learning involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze, one at a time, which was?

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Tolman & Honzik, 1930

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Tolman & Honzik Experiment

•Group 1 – rewarded each time at end of maze.

•Group 2 – in maze every day; __ rewarded on __ __.

•Group 3 – ___ rewarded.

1. each time

2. only on 10th day

3. never

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Tolman & Honzik Experiment

Which group did what?

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-- Demonstrated learning of maze almost

immediately after receiving reward.

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-- Learned maze quickly.

G 1 -Learned maze quickly.

G 2 -Demonstrated learning of maze almost immediately after receiving reward.

G 3 -Did not learn maze well.

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

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Insight

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“___” moment

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Observational learning

Learning/performance distinction

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Learned helplessness

1. attention

2. memory

3. imitation

4. motivation

To learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model.

The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show.

The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model.

An easy way to remember the four elements of modeling is to remember the letters ____, which stands for the first letters of each of the four elements

Training a cat to use the toilet involves....

1. ___ 

2.  ____ “the training arena.”

3.____ ____ on a variable schedule

Shaping

Preparing

Positive Reinforcement

A researcher decides to classically condition a rabbit by

presenting a sound each time before delivering a puff of air

to the rabbit’s eye. He finds that the rabbit starts to blink

upon hearing the sound. What function does the air puff

have?

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of classical

conditioning?

The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs

when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is

called:

Which of the following is NOT an example of classical

conditioning?

One common aspect of all forms of negative reinforcement is that:

Which of the following is NOT true about the use of

punishment?

This process is often used when trying to teach complex

behaviors by which an individual is rewarded after

achieving smaller steps that get him or her closer to the

desired behavior:

The color of a traffic light usually serves what primary

function?

On average, a child will receive $10 from her parents every

2 weeks for cleaning her room. What type of reinforcement

schedule are the parents using?

Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)?

Research on ________________ showed that not all

behaviors can be learned through experience with the

environment (e.g., operant conditioning), as was once

thought by the behaviorists.

Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a

building without having ever used them before is an

example of:

Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness,

which demonstrated:

A biologist has been searching for solution as to what

area of the brain is associated with conscious experience. 

After many years of work, the researcher decides to

abandon his efforts. A couple of days later, he suddenly

realizes the solution, as though out of nowhere. What

type of learning does this demonstrate?

In order for observational learning to occur, all of the

following elements need to be present EXCEPT: