Term
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Definition
| Change in an organism's behaviour or thought as a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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Term
| Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning |
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Definition
| Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimuli that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
Initially neutral (no response) stimulus
e.g., child looking at a white rabbit |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
e.g., electric shock to arm of child |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.
e.g., child moves arm away from / avoids (UCR) electric shock (UCS) |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning (repeated pairing)
e.g., white rabbit repeatedly paired with electric shock elicits future avoidance of white rabbits (CR). |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established. |
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Term
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Definition
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
e.g., repeatedly presenting the white rabbit without the electric shock will generally lead to a reduction in avoidance and eventual elimination of avoidance. |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden Re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
e.g., years down the track, a white rabbit is seen and an avoidance response is elicited. |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden re-emergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response (avoidance) was acquired.
e.g., return animal/participant to the exact/similar location to where the avoidance response to white rabbits was initially acquired and the chances of an avoidance response increase (why? more connections/cues to memory). |
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Term
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Definition
Process by which conditioned stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.
e.g., child avoids white teddy bears, old men with white hair, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
e.g., baby fearful of white rabbits and white teddy bears, but strongly seeks to avoid the white rabbit, yet able to sit close to white teddy bear without getting upset. |
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Term
| Higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
developing a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus.
e.g., child becomes fearful of man in white lab coat who stands close to white rabbit during the conditioning experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we have repeatedly experienced alone; that is, without the unconditioned stimulus.
e.g., one child participant who grew up on a farm surrounded by white rabbits (pets and wild) took much longer to establish a fear response. |
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Term
| Fetishism (having a fetish) |
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Definition
sexual attraction to non-living things.
e.g., pairing a non-living thing (object) with sexual activity classically conditions the object to become sexual. |
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Term
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Definition
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour.
e.g., reward-driven behaviour. Practising shooting a soccer ball into the goal to increase chances of success.
Unlike classical conditioning, the reward is VOLUNTARY and CONTINGENT/DEPENDENT ON BEHAVIOUR. |
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Term
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Definition
Principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behaviour in the future.
e.g., go to the gym before a game of soccer and play really well, the next time I have a game I am more likely to want to go to the gym beforehand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grasping the nature of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| positive outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement.
e.g., when a friend waves to us and we walk over to say hi in return, we are responding to a discriminant stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction than if the behaviour had been reinforced continually. |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
pattern of reinforcing a behaviour.
e.g., 4 major reinforcement schedules:
1. Fixed Ratio
2. Fixed Interval
3. Variable Ratio
4. Variable Interval |
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Term
| Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses.
e.g., pat on the back every time you do something good |
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Term
| Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval.
e.g., if you at least one good thing in an hour, you get a pat on the back each hour. |
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Term
| Variable Ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly.
e.g., pokie machines |
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Term
| Variable Interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.
e.g., time varied dog training |
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Term
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Definition
principle that a less frequently performed behaviour can be increased in frequency with a more frequent behaviour.
e.g., not playing xbox in the morning until two hours of study are complete (however slow). |
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Term
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Definition
Neutral objects that people can trade in for reinforcers themselves.
e.g., money |
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Term
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Definition
Items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable.
e.g., food, sex, exercise (when fit), socialising |
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Term
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Definition
| learning by watching others |
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