SECOND-ORDER

(Higher-Order Conditioning)

• Using the new CS as an US to condition subject to a new NS
• Example: If Pavlov paired the ringing bell with a red light so the dogs now salivate at the sight of the light

connecting two stimuli and expect a response

ex: dogs learning to salivate at bell before given food

• after ingesting food if a person becomes sick they will learn to associate the food with becoming ill and not like the food

• learning to respond to consequences

• If you reward behavior it will recurr 

• learning in which consequences determine future behavior

• used by BF Skinner to operantly condition rats to push a lever.
• rats would continue to push level when positively rewarded with food

• Taking away a stimulus to encourage behavior
• ex: if a class behaves you reward them with no homework!

adding a stimulus that will decrease behavior

(i.e.: spanking)

OMMISSION TRAINING

(Negative Punishment)

• Taking a stimulus away to decrease behavior
• Ex: taking away a child's toy until they stop screaming

• Taking steps to reach large goal (rewarding after each step is complete)
• large goal: spiking a volleyball, reward small steps until you reach the ultimate goal

• linking several smaller goals to reach a large goal
• ex: teach someone how to perform a dance, you first break it into smaller parts and reward the dancer after they complete each part correctly

• reinforcers people/animals intuitively respond to
• food, compassion, attention, etc.

• reinforcers a person/animal has to learn to respond to
• money, toys, trophies, etc.

• Reinforcers that virtually everyone accepts
• money

• every time a person does a desired behavior they receive a "token" or money
• ex: in classes where you receive "bonus bucks" for answering questions correctly

• interval schedules are based on time frames
• Fixed interval: specific amount of time must pass before target behavior is rewarded
• Variable interval: a range of time must pass before target behavior is rewarded

• reinforcer is given after a set number of target responses
• Fixed ratio: after a specific number of responses you reinforce
• Variable ratio: after a range of responses you reinforce

• reinforce after each targeted response
• used to teach new behaviors
• extinguishes quickly

when using partial reinforcement behavior is less likely to become extinct

• subjects will naturally "drift" back to natural instincts

• learning behaviors by observing others

• learning that becomes obvious only when reinforcement is presented