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Learning
Myers Mods. 18,19,& 20
30
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/19/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Learning
Definition

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to its enviroment.

  • can profit from change
  • adaption
Term
Adaptability
Definition
our capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with our circumstances. Requires nature and nurture.
Term
Habituation
Definition
  • Lessens or diminishes

 

 

Term
Association
Definition
Natural occuring connection between events that occus in sequence
Term
Associative Learning
Definition

The process of linking events that occur close together. Helps to predict the immediate future. Example: Animals learn to associate things inportant to their survival.

Term
Conditioning
Definition
the process of learning associations
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
learning to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events
Term
Operational Conditioning
Definition
Learning to associate a response and its consequence and thus repeat acts followed by good results or avoid acts followed by bad results.
Term
Observational learning
Definition
Observing other's experiences and exmaples. (Learning to adapt to our environment and learn new behaviors.)
Term
Behaviorism
Definition

Psychology should be:

  • an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
  • inner thoughts, feelings, and motives should be discarded.
Term

Unconditioned Response

(UR)

Definition

The unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditional stimulus.

  • such as salivation when eating.
Term

Unconditioned Stimulus

(US)

Definition

a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response.

  • naturally & automatic
  • has NO relation yet.
  • the food before being conditioned
Term

Conditioned Response

(CR)

Definition

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

  • it is now learned
  • the dog will salivate at the sight or sound of a CS
Term

Conditioned Stimulus

(CS)

Definition

an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after an association with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a response.

  • the bell tone or sight of an object that will now trigger a response.
Term
Aquisition
Definition

the 1st stage in classical cond.; the phase of associating a neutral stimulus with an US so that the neutral stimulus comes to illicit a CR.

  • initial learning
Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition
The sight or sound that the organism will later learn to assoc. with a reinforcement.
Term
Extinction
Definition

The diminishing responding that occurs when the CS(bell) no longer signals an impending US (food).

  • sounding bell again and again without food.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition

the reappearance of the controlled response after a pause.

  • the CR was just suppress not forgotten.
  • The memory never disappeared.
Term
Generalization
Definition

the tendency, once a response has been cond., for similar stimuli to create the same response.

  • a child has learned to fear moving cars. She will then fear trucks and motorcycles as well.
Term
Discrimination
Definition

The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that does NOT signal an US.

  • to be able to tell the difference between CSs
  • this is an adaptive behavior.
Term
Expectancy
Definition

an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur.

  • the thought process is now taken into consideration.
Term
Taste Aversion
Definition

Learning to not eat something that cause an adverse reaction.

  • Eating seafood caused me to become sick all night...I will not want to eat shrimp again.
Term
Taste Aversion notes
Definition
  • supports Darwin's principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival.
  • Learning enables animals to adapt to their environment.(Adaptation)
  • Causes are often immediate.

 

Term
Notes on Conditioning
Definition
  • Will NOT occur if CS appears before CS
  • Time lapse: not much only half a second
  • helps an animal survival and reproduction
  • signals an important event
  • shows an animals adaptation
Term

Pavlov

&

Watson

Definition
  • underestimated the importance of a conscious of an organism's capacity
  • Pavlov laid the foundation for Watson
  • both thought that classical cond. is a basic form of learning by which all organisms adapt to their environment.
  • Shows that learning can be studied objectively
Term

Charles

Darwin

Definition
  • assumed that all animals share a common evolutionary theory and commonalities in their makeup and functioning.
  • An animal's capacity for condiotioning IS constrained by its biology.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

Organisms associate their own actions with consequences.

  • actions follwed by reinforcers;increase
  • actions follwed by punishers; decrease
  • CAN be controlled
Term

Respondent

Behavior

Definition
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Term
Associative Learning
Definition

Learning that certain events occur together.

  • a response and its consequence.
Term
Operant behavior
Definition
Behavior that works on the environment to produce consequences.
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