Term
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Definition
| A relative permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. Changes your behavior AND your brain! |
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Term
| What are the three forms of learning? |
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Definition
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning |
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Term
| When does Classical Conditioning occur? |
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Definition
| It occurs by association between events in our environment. When one event precedes another we learn to associate one event with the other. Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence. We connect one stimulus with another stimulus. |
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Term
| What are some examples of classical conditioning? |
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Definition
Pavlov's salivating dogs.
Lightening+thunder=>see lightening and anticipate thunder.
Sea Snail with squirts of water and shock. |
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Term
| Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment was a foundation for what? |
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Definition
| behaviorists like Watson and Skinner |
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Term
| Explain Pavlov's experiment. |
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Definition
| Pavlov had been studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation in dogs in response to the ingestion of varying amounts and kinds of food. While doing that, he observed a curious phenomenon: Sometimes stomach secretions and salivation would begin before the dogs had eaten any food. Just the sight of the experimenter who normally brought the food, or even the sounds of the experimenter’s footsteps, was enough to produce salivation in the dogs. So not only were the dogs having this physiological response based on a biological need (an involuntary behavior) but also as a result of learning or as it came to be called, classical conditioning. |
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Term
| True or false. Before Conditioning, Food (Unconditional Stimuli) Produces Salivation (Unconditional Response) |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. Before conditioning, Tone (Neutral Stimuli) does produce salivation (Unconditional Response). |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. After conditioning NS becomes conditioned stimulus (now CS) and elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The initial stage in classical conditioning during which association between a NS and a US takes place. |
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Term
| What are three requirements for Acquisition? |
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Definition
1. NS must come before the US for conditioning to occur.
2. Ideally the time between the two stimuli should be about half a second.
3. Usually the NS must be paired with US seval times for it to become a CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a US (food) does not follow a CS (tone), CR (salivation) starts to decrease and a t some point completely diminish. |
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Term
| What is Spontaneous Recovery? |
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Definition
| After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers. If CS (tone) persists alone becomes extinct again. |
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Term
| What is the graph of Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Stimulus Discrimination |
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Definition
| The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US. |
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Term
| Define Stimulus Generalization. |
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Definition
| The tendency to respond to stimuli not present during training or similar to CS. SO, what we learn in one specific situation or with one specific stimulus carries over, or transfers, to a different situation. |
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Term
| How does Watson's experiment on Little Albert related to phobias? |
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Definition
suggests that phobias might be learned through pairing a neutral or harmless stimulus with an unconditionally frightening event, thus causing the person to associate fear with the harmless stimulus.
It is an example of stimulus generalization.
Phobias are a conditioned emotional response. |
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Term
| Define Biological preparedness and give an example. |
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Definition
Learn some association with only 1 or 2 pairings due to survival value. the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.
Ex. Nausea and pregnancy. |
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Term
| Why does classical conditioning work? |
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Definition
1. Biological preparedness
2. Cognitive perspective: an expectancy about the approach of US is adpative because it helps us prepare for the future. |
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Term
| Define Cognitive Perspective. |
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Definition
| modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. Biologically adaptive because it helps us to prepare for good or bad events. |
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Term
| Define Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
| development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association. |
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Term
| What is the distinction between Operant and Classical conditioning and what do they have in common? |
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Definition
Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). It involves respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant conditioning forms association between voluntary behaviors and resulting events. It involves operant behavior, a voluntary behavior that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.
Both involve extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination |
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Term
| What does Thorndike's law of effect state? |
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Definition
Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.
The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated. |
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Term
| How is evolutionary theory related to Thorndike's Law of Effect? |
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Definition
| if a certain character trait provides an advantage for reproduction then that trait will persist. |
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Term
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Definition
showed that even really complex behaviors could be learned by animals
has lever that animal must press to get reward(food). Allowed for the scientific study of reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event that increases the future probability a behavior will occur. (strengthens the behavior it follows) |
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Term
| What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement? |
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Definition
Positive: add a desirable stimulus. Ex. getting a hug; receiving a paycheck
Negative: remove an aversive stimulus. Ex. fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping. |
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Term
| Define Primary Reinforcer and give an example. |
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Definition
| innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink |
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Term
| Define Conditioned "secondary" Reinforcer. |
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Definition
| Learned reinforcer. It gets its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer. |
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Term
| Define Immediate Reinforcer. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer that occurs closely to a behavior in time. Ex. Rat gets a food pellet for a bar press. We are more inclined to engage in this. |
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Term
| Define Delayed Reinforcer. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. Ex. A paycheck that comes at the end of a week. children who show ability to delay gratification become more socially competent and higher achieving adults |
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Term
| How is reinforcers related to dopamine? |
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Definition
All reinforcers increase dopamine in our brain. Really reinforcing things make a lot of dopamine, sometimes causing addiction.
Ex. Rats find meth more reinforcing than food because it causes greater effect of dopamine (increases release and blocks reuptake). When operationally conditioned to press a lever to receive meth, they continue to do so until they die. |
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Term
| Are we more inclined to engage in immediate or delayed reinforcers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the characteristic of children who show ability to delay gratification? |
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Definition
| They become more socially competent and higher achieving adults. |
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Term
| Define Reinforcement Schedules |
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Definition
| Can be reinforced based on how much time has passed or on how many responses you gave. |
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Term
| Name and define the four reinforcement schedules and give an example of each. |
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Definition
Fixed Interval: get reinfoced only close to the time you work. (time)
Variable Interval: get reinforced at any random time to slow steady responding like checking facebook/email.
Fixed Ratio: get reinforced after you respond five times like smoothie king.
Variable Ratio: get reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling/fishing). |
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Term
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Definition
The responses are cumulative, which means new responses are added to those that come before, and all graphs begin after the learned pattern is well established. Slash marks mean that a reinforcement has been given. Inboth the fixed interval and fixed ratio graphs, there is a pause after each reinforcement as the learner briefly “rests.” The “scalloped” shape of the fixed interval curve is a typical indicator of this pause, as is the stair-step shape of the fixed ratio curve. In the variable interval and ratio schedules, no such pause occurs, because the reinforcements are unpredictable. Notice that both fixed and variable interval schedules are slower (less steep) than the two ratio schedules because of the need to respond as quickly as possible in the ratio schedules.
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Term
| Giving or taking away chocolate is an example of what? |
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Definition
giving: positive reinforcement
taking: negative reinforcement |
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Term
| Spraying Water, Spanking, and a parking ticket are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Taking away a cell phone, time-out, and a revoked driver's license are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Shape (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer towards target behavior through successive approximations. Rats can be used to sniff out land mines using shaping.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tYUS5ljGhI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IRv3TOjE1I&playnext=1&list=PL56201E0BEA9BE64E&feature=results_video |
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Term
| What is the difference between positive and negative? reinforcement and punishment? |
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Definition
positive: adding something
negative: removing something
reinforcement: strengthening behavior
punishment: weakening behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| An aversive event that decreases the future probability of an event occurring (weakens the response). |
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Term
| Mom at grocery and kid screams for candy. Mom gives child a pinch. Child stays quiet. What occurred? |
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Definition
Positive punishment (add aversive stimulus(pinch) to weaken child behavior)
Mom is negatively reinforced (mom removed aversive stimulus(screaming) which strengthens mom’s behavior of using pinching to quiet the child) |
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Term
| Mom at grocery and kid screams for candy. Mom gave in and bought candy for him. What occurred? |
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Definition
| This would be strengthening the child’s tantrum behavior so the child would be positively reinforced (they have received a desirable stimulus). However the mom is negatively reinforced, because the aversive stimulus is removed and child is quiet. |
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Term
| What is the immediate effect of suppressing behavior (when negative reinforcement for parent)? |
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Definition
-Does not teach appropriate behavior
-Avoidance/escape, anxiety
-Models aggression
-Teaches discrimination among situations |
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Term
| Define Learned Helplessness. |
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Definition
| A breakdown in learning ability caused by repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events. |
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Term
| Define biological constraints and give an experimental example. |
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Definition
| They predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. An example is with Breland's experiment with raccoons and coins. |
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Term
| What occurs during instinctive drift? |
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Definition
| Animals drift towards their biologically predisposed instinctive behaviors. |
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Term
| Define Behavior Modification. |
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Definition
| The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior. You can strengthen or weaken behavior. *autism* |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens. ex sticker charts and rewards. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of mild negative punishment by removal in which a misbehaving animal, child, or adult is placed in a special area away from the attention of others. |
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Term
| Compare RESPONSE classical and operant conditioning. |
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Definition
C: involuntary, automatic
O: voluntary, operates on environment |
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Term
| Compare ACQUISITION classical and operant conditioning. |
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Definition
C: associating events; CS announces US.
O: associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punishment) |
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Term
| Compare EXTINCTION classical and operant conditioning. |
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Definition
C: CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone.
O: Responding decreases when reinforcement stops. |
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Term
| Compare COGNITIVE PROCESSES classical and operant conditioning. |
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Definition
C: organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US.
O: organisms develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, without reinforcement. |
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Term
| Compare BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION classical and operant conditioning. |
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Definition
C: natural predisposition constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated
O: organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back toward natural ones |
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Term
| Explain the Cognitive Learning Theory. |
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Definition
Skinner thought everything we do is shaped by external influences, not inner thoughts or feelings
In the 1950s—and more intensely in the 1960s—many psychologists were becoming aware that cognition, the mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaving, could no longer be ignored.
Critics argued that he was dehumanizing people by ignoring/discounting free will. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving. |
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Term
| Define Latent Learning and give an example. |
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Definition
When an organism learns something in its life, but the knowledge is not immediately expressed. Learning remains dormant, and may not be available to consciousness until specific events/experiences might need this knowledge to be demonstrated.
For instance a child may observe a parent setting the table or tightening a screw, but does not act on this learning for a year; then he finds he knows how to do these. |
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Term
| Give two examples of latent learning. |
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Definition
-Edward Tolman's experiment with 3 groups of rats and mazes.
-A friend drives you to school with the same route. One day your friend gets sick and you have to take yourself to school. If you are able to get to school by learning which route to take from your friend, then you have demonstrated latent learning. |
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Term
| Does viewing media violence trigger violent behavior? if so why? |
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Definition
Yes.
In US and Canada homicide rates doubled between 1957 and 1974 just when TV was introduced and spreading.
During late 20th century average child views 8000 TV murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school (Huston et al, 1992)
Violence goes unpunished and justified and perpetrator often attractive.
Imitation and desensitization. |
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Term
| What is discovered about neurons during observational learning? |
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Definition
| Neuroscientist have discovered (mirror) neurons in the brain of animals and humans that activate during observational learning. This impliate disorders of social understanding. ex. autism. |
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