Term
Which of the following are names for instrumental learning?
instrumental conditioning
operant learning
goal directed learning |
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Definition
| instrumental learning = inst. cond., oper. learning, and goal directed...all of above |
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Term
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Definition
| learning an association between a behavior (the "instrumental response") and the outcome (called the "reinforcer") |
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Term
| In the definition of instrumental learning, a behavior is the ? and the outcome is the ?... |
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Definition
| behavior=instrumental response; outcome =reinforcer |
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Term
| In Instrumental learning, reward learning is also called |
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Definition
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Term
| Instrumental learning: avoidance learning is also called |
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Definition
| negative reinforcement; the final reinforcer is punishment |
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Term
| Edward L. Thorndike characterized learning as ... (1 through 5) |
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Definition
1. trial and error
2. gradual rather than sudden
3. learned responses and habits, NOT knowledge
4. law of effect
5. stereotyped repetitive behavior |
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Term
| Discriminitive Stimulus (S^D) |
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Definition
| a cue telling you when to make the response |
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Term
| List the 3 elememtns involved in instrumnetal learning |
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Definition
| S^D--response--reinforcer |
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Term
| Who introduced operant learning and what method did he use to study this |
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Definition
| BF SKinner, skinner boxes and rat maze |
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Term
| Definition: operant conditioning according to Skinner |
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Definition
| organism operates the environment to produce rewards |
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Term
| How have we tested instrumnetal learning in humans? |
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Definition
1. Infant leg-movem't; Rovee Collier
leg kicks control overhead mobile
2. Infant head turning (Werker)
recog. a specific language sound as the cue- response look to right, reiforcement dancing toys
'3. Human choice games |
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Term
| In instrumental learning, when is knowledge learned? |
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Definition
When response is intentional: if you want the reward, make the response
(Kohler) |
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Term
| In instrumnetal learning, when are habits conditioned? |
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Definition
| When response is habitual: in the presence of the S^D, response is made automatically (E.L. Thorndike) |
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Term
| Explain how Thorndike's characterized instrumnetal learning |
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Definition
Learning is habitual
-trial and error
-stereotype
-gradual rather than suddenly learned
-thorndike's law of effect |
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Term
| Explain how Kohler characterized instrumental learning |
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Definition
Learning is intentional/ knowledge, a reaction against Thorndike's Trial and error learning
-not gradual, a sudden mental solution
-not trial and error
-not reinforcement
-not association
-12not superstitious |
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Term
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Definition
| a response is paired with a reward (pos. reinforcement) |
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Term
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Definition
| shape unusual behavior with successive approximations, gradual rewards, and differential reinforcement |
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Term
| Define Instrumental response, reinforcer, and S^D |
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Definition
Instrumental response= behavior that you want animal to acheive
Reinforcer=the outcome that motivates the behavior
S^D= room or context cues LIKE TONE AND LIGHT that help animal acheive instrumental response |
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Term
| Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the MORRIS WATER MAZE |
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Definition
IR= swimming to platform
R= avoid fear/drowning
SD= room cues like from window or sounds |
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Term
| Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the ROVEE COLLIER EXPERIMENT |
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Definition
IR= moving leg
R= moving the mobile |
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Term
| Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in Werker's Infant Head turning experiment |
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Definition
IR= turn head
R= dancing toys
SD= change in lang. sound |
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Term
| Who was researcher behind the INFANT HEAD TURNING experiements |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the researcher behind the INFANT LEG MOVEM'T experimentes |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the researcher behind the WATER MAZE experiments |
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Definition
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Term
| In the context of Instrumental Learning, what does contingency mean? |
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Definition
| You only get the reward if you make the right response |
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Term
| Name the instrumental response (IR), reinforcer (R), and SD in the SKINNER BOX |
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Definition
IR= bar press
R= food
S^D= light or tone |
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Term
| Whst 3 important factor determine if instruental learning wwill occur? |
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Definition
1. frequency
2. contiguity
3. contingency |
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Term
| What are reward/reinforcement variables? |
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Definition
| involves quality v. quantity, immediacy v. delay, and continuous v. partial rewards |
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Term
| Which reward/reinforcement variable lead to more learning (i.e. bar pressing)? |
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Definition
| tasty, immediate, and continuous rewards lead to more bar pressing (vs. large, delayed, partial rewards) |
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Term
| Which researcher studied rewards and self-control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Self control can be trained by gradually ____ the delay interval; or by ____ the larger reward |
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Definition
| lengthening (inc);decreasing |
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Term
| Which researcher studied self-control using the MARSHMALLOW TEST? |
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Definition
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Term
| In class, we saw that a researcher used ____ to train a squirell to water skii |
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Definition
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Term
| In context of instrumental learning and reinforcement, extinction means that we can stop instrumental learning by removing the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes extinction seems not to work for 3 reasons. What are they? |
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Definition
1. extinction burst (resp. temp. inc)
2. negative emotions (anger & frus.)
3. spontaneous recovery (if reward is not immediately removed) |
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Term
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Definition
| a neutral stimulii that becomes reinforcing through its association with a primary reinforcer. |
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Term
| If a tone is paired w/ food, it becomes a reinforcer; this is an example of a ____ or a ____ ______ |
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Definition
| secondary or token reinforcer |
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Term
| praise and acknowledgment are examples of _____ reinforcers |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the term when people compare and contrast the present award to a previous bigger award |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are reinforcers reinforcing? |
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Definition
incintives motivate ppl
reinforcers as behvrs (premack princ.)
reinforcers are strentheners (arous)
reinforcers convey information |
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Term
| T or F:Reinforcement is absolutely necessary for learning |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F:Reinforcement is absolutely necessary for learning |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the S delta signify? |
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Definition
| cue that signals when not to make a response, when the behavior will not be rewarded |
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Term
| Which researcher used errorless discrimination to teach school children to differentiate between similar sounds? |
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Definition
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