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Definition
| change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience. |
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| process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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| classic (Pavlovian) conditioning |
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Definition
| form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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| unconditioned response (CR) |
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| response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus |
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| Classical conditioning occurs in 3 phases |
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| acquisition,extinction, and spontaneous recovery |
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| we gradually learn-or acquire the CR. |
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| gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned to response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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| process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response. |
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| displaying less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus. |
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| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus. |
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| learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior. |
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| principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future. |
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Definition
| grasping the nature of a problem |
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| small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised. |
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| In classical conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the skeletal muscles. |
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| 3 concepts in Skinnerian psychology |
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Definition
| reinforcement, punishment, and discriminative stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of a behvior |
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| presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
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Definition
| removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of a behavior. |
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Definition
| outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior. |
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Definition
| stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
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| partial reinforcement aka Humphrey's paradox |
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Definition
| only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually. |
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| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
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| Four major reinforcement schedules |
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Definition
Fixed Ratio(FR)schedule,
Fixed interval(FI) schedule,
Variable ratio(VR) schedule,
variable interval (VI) schedule |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses. |
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| fixed interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval.
aka "scalloped" pattern of responding. That means to anticipate |
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| variable ratio schedule(VR) |
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Definition
| we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly. yields highest rates of responding. |
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| variable interval(VI)schedule |
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Definition
| pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly. |
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| shaping by successive approximations |
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Definition
| conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target. |
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| systems, often set up in psychiatric hospitals, for reinforcing appropriate behaviors and extinguishing inappropriate ones. |
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| neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer |
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| item or outcome that naturally increases target behavior |
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| actions they hope to make more frequent. Positive actions |
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| learning that is not directly observable |
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| spatial representations- mental representation of how a physical space is organized. |
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| learning by watching others such as models: parents, teachers, and others who are influential to us. |
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| Researchers examine the relation between naturally occurring events and aggression in the real world. |
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| The sauce bearnaise syndrome |
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Definition
Also known as conditioned taste aversion, refers to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reaction to the taste of food.
Scapegoat food- a novel food of which they aren't fond-prior to chemotherapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus. |
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| evolutionary predisposition to fear certain stimuli more than others. |
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| tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement. |
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