Term
|
Definition
| The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The psychologist famous for work on classical conditioning with dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
|
Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
|
Definition
| The automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| The originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| The response that the conditioned stimulus elicits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response due to elimination of the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one |
|
|
Term
| Second-Order Conditioning |
|
Definition
| A phenomenon in which a conditioned stimulus acts like and unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extreme fears of objects or situations that either are not objectively dangerous, or are less dangerous that the phobic person's reaction suggests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The psychologist famous for the Puzzle box and instrumental conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The psychologist famous for operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental Conditioning |
|
Definition
| A process through which respones on an instrument produce some rewarding effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A response that has an effect on the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that preceded it will occur again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of unpleasant stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that avoids exposure to an aversive stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reward that organisms learn to like |
|
|
Term
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| A pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Partial Reinforcement Schedule |
|
Definition
| A pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs |
|
|
Term
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule (FR) |
|
Definition
| Provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses |
|
|
Term
| Variable-Ratio Schedule (VR) |
|
Definition
| Provides reinforcement after a varying number or responses |
|
|
Term
| Fixed-Interval Schedule (FI) |
|
Definition
| provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward |
|
|
Term
| Variable-Interval Schedule (VI) |
|
Definition
| Provides reinforcement for the first response after some varying period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A failure to try to exert control over the environment when an organism has, or believes that it has, no such control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental representation of the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning how to preform new behaviors by watching others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Gestalt psychologist famous for working with insight and chimpanzees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A psychologist famous for working with observational learning and vicarious conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning conditioned responses by watching what happens to others |
|
|
