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Definition
| A change in behavior due to experience |
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| Period in which the animal is acquiring a new skill |
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Definition
| James Mill (1829) described it as two or more simple sensations that are repeatedly presented together |
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| Combination of complex ideas. These 1) can be decomposed into two or more simple ideas and 2) always formed through the repeated pairing of these simple ideas |
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| Ebbinghaus's Experiments on Memory |
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Definition
First systematic study of association. Used nonsense syllables.
Method: Learn list to fluency, record number of trials, delay interval, relearn list and compare relearning to learning trials
Measure: Savings: the decrease in the number of repetitions needed to complete the list |
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Definition
| The researcher manipulates |
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Definition
| Researcher observes the effects |
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| Continuing to practice after performing |
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| The Role of Contiguity for Aristotle |
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Definition
| Two ideas together will be associated if they tend to occur together in space or time. |
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Definition
| Shows how the passage of time has a detrimental effect on performance in a memory task. |
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Term
| Behavioral Approach Characteristics |
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Definition
1. Heavy reliance on animal subjects
2. emphasis on external events (environmental stimuli and overt behaviors) and a reluctance to speculate about processes inside the organism. |
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Definition
Dissatisfaction with the behavioral approach and emphasis on intervening variables and processes inside the organism |
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| Advantage of animal subjects |
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Definition
•Placebo Effect is Minimized
•Subjects are Convenient
•Controlled Environment
•Comparative Simplicity |
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Term
| Emphasis on External Events (Freud) |
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Definition
Freud’s introspection method involves reflecting on, reporting, and analyzing one’s own mental processes. Disadvantages: requires lots of practice, reports on thoughts/emotions vary across participants for the same task
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| Watson's Critique on Emphasis of external events |
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Definition
- Psychology must be a science
- sciences deal only with events everyone can observe
- psychology must deal only with observable events
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| B. F Skinner Emphasis on External Events |
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Definition
- Both overt and covert Bx should be the focus of psychology
- Cautioned against the use of intervening variables as unnecessary |
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Term
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Definition
- Hours of deprivation -> lever pressing (rate
- Hours of deprivation -> thirst -> lever pressing
- Given that both theories are equally predictive, parsimony requires selection of the "simpler" of the two |
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Term
| External Events emphasis argument |
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Definition
Skinner argued that use of intervening variables can be dangerous. Cause is attributed to an unobservable entity (anger, laziness)
Skinner proposed that causes can be traced to external variables, resulting in greater efficacy in changing Bx |
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Term
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Definition
| A philosophical position that all the events of the world, including human behavior, are determined by physical causes that could, in principle, be discovered and analyzed with the techniques of science |
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Definition
| The philosophical position that some nonphysical entity, such as the will or the soul, can direct human behavior. Thus, not all human behavior can be predicted or explained in a scientific way |
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