Term
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Definition
learning that
involves only one relatively isolated
stimulus at a time |
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Term
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Definition
learning to
associate two stimuli (CC) or learning to
associate a stimulus with a new response
(IC) |
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Term
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Definition
a decrease in the strength
or occurrence of a behavior after repeated
exposure to the stimulus that produces
the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
after an organism habituates
to some stimulus there is a short time delay. After the
delay, when the stimulus is presented again, there is an
increase in strength of the habituated response. |
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Term
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Definition
An organism habituates to stimulus A.
When a NEW stimulus is presented (stimulus B), there
is a renewal of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
a startling stimulus leads to a strong
response to a later stimulus that might otherwise have
evoked a weaker response |
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Term
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Definition
prior exposure to a stimulus
can improve an organism’s ability to
recognize that stimulus later |
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Term
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Definition
learning in which
experience with a set of stimuli makes
those stimuli easier to distinguish |
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Term
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Definition
just by having
access to stimuli (no training), it facilitates
later learning about these stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
organisms are given
feedback training in a perceptual task |
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Term
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Definition
learning about one group of stimuli
doesn’t necessarily transfer to another group |
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Term
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Definition
acquisition of information about
one’s surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
- Conditioned Stimulus + Unconditioned
Stimulus = Conditioned Response
- CS presented shortly before US |
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Term
| Conditioned Emotional Response |
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Definition
- Studies acquisition of fear response
- US = foot shock
- Response = “freezing” and interruption of
behavior (fear is underlying these responses) |
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Term
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Definition
naturally
evokes some
response (UR) |
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Term
|
Definition
previously
neutral stimulus
that evokes an
anticipatory
response (CR) |
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Term
|
Definition
when US is positive event
(e.g. food, chance to mate) |
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Term
|
Definition
when US is negative event
(e.g., shock, airpuff) |
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Term
|
Definition
a previously
acquired association
diminishes when CS
repeatedly presented in the
absence of US |
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Term
|
Definition
can happen if time passes before
retest or animal moves to another context |
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Term
|
Definition
demonstrates that classical conditioning
occurs only when a cue is both useful and
nonredundant |
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Term
|
Definition
| impaired learning following cue pre-exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus (S) -> Response (R) -> Consequence (C) |
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Term
|
Definition
animal can be
left in apparatus and respond
as often (or not) as it chose |
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Term
|
Definition
animal can operate the
apparatus freely whenever it
chooses |
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Term
|
Definition
stimuli that signal whether a
particular response will lead to a particular outcome |
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Term
|
Definition
- Strong discriminative stimuli can evoke the associated
response, overruling other behaviors
- When organisms work for rewards instead of freely
obtaining them |
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Term
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Definition
reinforce successive approximations to the
desired response |
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Term
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Definition
organisms are gradually trained to execute
complicated series of discrete responses |
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Term
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Definition
when food reinforcements trigger
instinctive species-specific feeding behaviors that overrule
trained responses |
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Term
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Definition
consequence of behavior that will lead to
MORE of that behavior in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
reinforcers with intrinsic value for
organisms (food, water, sleep, sex) |
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Term
|
Definition
reinforcers that initially have no
intrinsic value, but have been paired with primary
reinforcers (humans = money, tokens, grades; animals =
whistles, clickers) |
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Term
|
Definition
organisms switched from a
preferred reinforcer to a less-preferred reinforcer will
respond less strongly than if they had been given the less
preferred reinforcer all along |
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Term
|
Definition
consequences of behavior that lead to LESS of the
behavior in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
responses that individuals make because they
believe those responses will lead to desired outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
some fixed number of RESPONSES
must be made to get a reinforcer |
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Term
|
Definition
reinforces the first response after a
fixed amount of time |
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Term
|
Definition
fast responding leading up to
reinforcement, followed by a few sec with no responding |
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Term
|
Definition
ON AVERAGE, some fixed number
of responses must be made |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| holds visual & spatial images |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds auditory memories (subvocal rehearsal) |
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Term
|
Definition
add/delete items in buffers, select items to guide
behaviors, retrieve info from LTM, transfer info to LTM |
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Term
|
Definition
As length of words
increases, # of words remembered declines |
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Term
|
Definition
- People shown cards that differ in color, shape, number
- Learn to sort using one rule, then switches without
warning to another rule
- Requires learning a rule, learning to change rule and keep
it in mind without confusing it with the old rule |
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Term
|
Definition
disrupted
ability to think and plan |
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Term
|
Definition
- N-back task
- Self-ordered memory task
- Digit-span task
- Tower of Hanoi (move disks around
aimlessly)
- Wisconsin Card Sort (perseverate on old
rule and fail to use new rule) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phonological loop and V-S
sketchpad |
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Term
|
Definition
better
recall of words at
beginning of the list |
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Term
|
Definition
Better recall of words
at the end of the list |
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Term
|
Definition
when two memories overlap in context, the
strength of either or both memories may be reduced |
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Term
|
Definition
previously seen items
interfere with subject’s memory at later time |
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Term
| Serial Probe Recognition Task |
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Definition
Screen 2 = Probe item shown after
some delay (e.g., 1 sec.)
If it was one of the same items
shown on screen 1, then move lever
to right
If it was NOT one of the items
shown above then move lever to |
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Term
|
Definition
- Primacy effect grows with time (absolute effect)
- Not previously shown in humans because longer
lists used
- Rehearsal is actually NOT instrumental in
producing the primacy effect
- Changing ISI does not change performance |
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Term
| Strong Retroactive Interference |
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Definition
- (last list items
interfere with earlier items) in beginning,
leading to strong recency effects
- Gradual dissipation of RI allows primacy |
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Term
| Strong Proactive Interference |
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Definition
- (early list items
interfere with last items) strengthens at end,
leading to strong primacy effects |
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