Term
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Definition
| founder of classical conditioning on accident, actually attempting to identify neural receptors in mouth that triggered response from salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| popularized operant conditioning; "Project Pigeon": trained pigeons to guide missiles to targets w/ reinforcement |
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Term
| What is Classical Conditioning? What is its counter part? |
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Definition
simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to anticipate events
vs. operant conditioning (doesn't use consequences) |
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Term
| What is an Unconditioned Stimulus? Give 3 examples. |
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Definition
stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
ex: food
ex 2: shark
ex 3: hit with yard stick |
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Term
| What is an Unconditioned Response? Give 3 examples. |
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Definition
unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned & conditioned responses usually the same
ex: salivating
ex 2: fear
ex 3: jump |
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Term
| What is a Conditioned Stimulus? Give 3 examples. |
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Definition
repeated association that produces learned stimulus; previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response.
ex: bell
ex 2: music
ex 3: tapping of yard stick |
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Term
| What is a Conditioned Response? Give 3 examples. |
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Definition
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditional stimulus; responses to previously neutral stimuli
ex: salivation
ex 2: fear
ex 3: jump |
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Term
| What is Operant Conditioning? What is its counterpart? |
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Definition
discovered by Edward Thorndike; made pop. by B.F. Skinner; positive response or behavior followed by (+ or -) consequences leads to a higher likelihood that this response/behavior will be used again
vs. classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| small cage w/ lever/disk to be pecked that can detect behavioral responses or actions; gave pigeons & rats rewards |
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Term
| What is Counterconditioning? Give an example. What are its 2 counterparts? |
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Definition
adding pleasing stimulus to feared/unpleasant stimulus
ex: Little Albert, conditioned to be afraid of furry animals, tried to make him not fear them through this
vs. Desensitization & Flooding |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling intense dislike b/c of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| disappearance of a conditioned response; when times & relationships btwn events change; experimental procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned response b/c the events that had followed no longer occur |
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Term
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Definition
| following a response w/ a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response |
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Term
| What are Reinforcement schedules? What are the 4 types of Partial Reinforcement? Give examples. |
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Definition
Continuous Reinforcement: a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
ex: wearing clothes = warmth, drinking = less thirst
Partial Reinforcement: one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced -
Fixed-interval schedule: fixed amt. of time must elapse btwn. previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
ex: rat only tries to push lever when a minute has passed b/c he has figured the fixed interval, not very effective
Variable-interval schedule: variable amt. of time must elapse btwn. previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
ex: having random pop quizzes rather than one every week, can be good b/c there's more overall studying, but the intensity effort isn't as much
Fixed-ratio schedule: reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
ex: worker makes $10/tshirt made, subject learns that it only takes so many responses to get reinforcement, just gets them out of the way as rapidly as possible
Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
ex: slot machines, unpredictability maintains high response rate |
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Term
| What is Shaping? Give an example. |
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Definition
way of teaching complex behaviors; reinforces progressive steps (successive approximations) toward behavioral goal; breaking complex behavior into manageable parts
ex: teaching to drive, reinforce shifting gears w/o stalling |
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Term
| What is Flooding? What are its 2 counterparts? |
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Definition
used to reduce fears; bringing negative stimulus closer to subject/making them get used to it w/o harm; can be traumatic experience
vs. Counterconditioning & Desensitization: slower/more pleasurable |
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Term
| What is Punishment? What are 7 reasons that physical punishment is bad? What are its 2 counterparts? |
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Definition
an unpleasant stimulus that suppresses the behavior it follows
reasons physical punishment is bad:
1. makes children less likely to develop internal moral standards
2. creates poor parent-child relationships
3. makes children more likely to be aggressive towards other children and to engage in criminal behavior later on
4. makes children more likely to abuse their spouses or their own children as adults
5. it hurts
6. punished individuals may withdraw from situation; drop out of school/run away
7. children can learn responses that are punished, punishment focuses their attention on them
vs. Avoidance Conditioning & Negative Reinforcement: reinforcer that when removed increases frequency of operant
ex. worrying about things going wrong in life (negative reinforcer), removed by keeping a schedule, increases likelihood of keeping schedule |
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Term
| What is Token Economics? Give an example. |
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Definition
a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges
ex: psychiatric patients get tokens for acting normal |
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Term
| What is Avoidance Conditioning? What are its 2 counterparts? Give 2 examples. |
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Definition
punishment used to increase behaviors; behaviors enable an individual to avoid punishment
vs. punishment & negative reinforcement
ex: students study to avoid bad grades rather than to get good grades, electric shock of Skinner Box |
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Term
| What is Amnesia? What are the two ways you can lose memory? What are organic & functional causes of it? |
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Definition
partial or total loss of memory; either ability to process new memories is lost or old memories are lost; causes: ORGANIC - damage to brain from physical injury or neurological disease (or use of drugs)
FUNCTIONAL (psychological) - mental disorder, post-traumatic stress, defense mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
a type of sensory memory; maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes; aka photographic memory
vs. Iconic: Pictures, Echoic: Sound |
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Term
| What is Maintenance Rehearsal? What is its counterpart? |
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Definition
mental repetition of information in order to keep it in memory; not very effective long term
vs. elaborative rehearsal: the kind of coding or method for increasing retention of new information by relating it to information that is well known |
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Term
| What is Decay? What are its 2 counterparts? |
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Definition
a reason for forgetting; memory decays over time, eventually disappears
vs. Reminiscence: may not remember, later pops back up, suggests forgotten info hasn't decayed only temporarily lost
vs. Interference: new info replaces old info |
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Term
| What is State-Dependent Memory? What is its counterpart? |
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Definition
information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
ex: feeling rush of love may trigger memories of other times we fell in love
vs. Context-Dependent Memory: information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned.
ex: watching tv while you do homework |
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Term
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Definition
| failures of memory; flip side of remembering; sharp decline in memory w/in 1st hr. of retention; gradual decline after 1st hr. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which we recollect prior experiences and skills learned in the past |
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Term
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Definition
remembering certain times in great detail b/c it was during an important lifetime event
ex: 9/11, someone dying |
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Term
| What is Taste Aversion? Why is it different from other classical conditioning? Give an example. |
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Definition
example of classical conditioning, adaptive b/c they motivate organisms to avoid potentially harmful foods
2 ways taste aversion is different from other taste aversions: 1. one association required 2. unconditioned stimulus (nausea) & conditioned stimulus (food flavor) don't have to be close together in time
ex: feeling bloated & nauseated after you overeat a specific food, can't eat that food for a long time |
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Term
| What is Procedural Learning/Memory? Give examples. |
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Definition
skills & procedures you've learned; stay w/ you for a long time
ex: riding a bike, swimming
vs. generic learning, observational learning: acquisition of knowledge & skills through observation of others (models) rather than by means of direct experience
ex: kids hitting doll |
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Term
| What is Generic Learning/Memory? Give an example. |
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Definition
general/factual knowledge; semantic learning
ex: trivial pursuit |
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Term
| What are the 3 Processes of memory? Give definitions. |
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Definition
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval |
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Term
| What are the 3 Stages of memory? Give definitions. |
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Definition
1. Sensory memory
2. Short term memory
3. Long term memory |
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