Heinz Hartman

Father of Ego Psychology

Sigmund Freud

Major theorist that recognizes two fundamental assumptions: all behavior has purpose and existence of unconscious processess affect behavior and feelings

Three parts of Structural model

Id, Ego, Superego

Five parts of Developmental model

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages

Anxiety

Results from unwatned feelings, thoughts, or ideas that press themselves into awareness, threatening to overwhelm the ego

Signal anxiety

Learned capacity to experience anxiety in response to anticipated danger, to then react thereby avoiding trauma.

 

 

 

Neurosis

 

 

 

Conflict between id impulses and superego restaints.

Anna Freud

Theorist who expanded role of ego to include mastering external as well as internal difficulties

Theory of specific defense mechanisms

Unconscious mechanisms that relieve anxiety or conflict

True or False:
Defensive functions are adaptive and essential to healthy functioning, not primarily patholligcal

True

What five areas are included in the concept of autonomous ego functions

language, memory, mobility, thinking, perception

What is the role of ego functions

To maintain homeostasis via process of adaptation

Repression

The removal from conscious awareness of ideas, memories, feelings or wishes that are disturbing.

Denial

Blocking of external events from awareness.

What are Bowen's eight interlocking concepts?

-Differentiation of self
-Nuclear family emotional system
-Triangles
-Family projection process
-Multigenerational transmission process
-Emotional cutoff
-Sibling position
-Societal emotional process

Who is mainly associated with Family Systems Theory?

Murray Bowen

In Family Systems Theory Sibling position

siblings in certain positions tend towards certain roles in family functioning

In Family Systems Theory Societal emotional process

people in a society tend to be more anxious and unstable at certain times depending on the societal context.

In Family Systems Theory What kind of loops guide behavior?

Feedback loops.

In Family Systems Theory Double bind

A kind of pathological communication in which a person is given two commands that contradict each other.

In Family Systems Theory Equifinality

Different behaviors can lead to the same results.

In Family Systems Theory Equipotentiality

One cause may produce separate results

In Family Systems Theory Negative feedback

maintains homeostasis - recalibrates the system and restores balance

In Family Systems Theory Positive feedback

upsets homeostasis - structural unbalancing and re-framing are techniques a therapist might use

In Family Systems Theory surface communication

overt, report level

In Family Systems Theory metacommunication

command - qualifies, contradicts, or comments on overt content

In Family Systems Theory

5 goals of family therapy

-facilitating communication of thoughts and feelings
-shifting and changing inflexible roles and coalitions
-modeling, educating, and myth dispelling
-strengthening the family system
-increasing differentiation of family members
-strengthening the marriage

Family therapy is definitely indicated when

the presenting problem is a relationship issue or it exists in an individual but impacts the entire system profoundly

Family therapy may be indicated when

there has been minimal

success working with an individual

Family therapy is contraindicated when

-key members are unavailable
-one member is very disturbed
-fragile marital coalition

Absolutism.

The belief that there is one and only one truth; those who espouse absolutism usually also believe that they know what this absolute truth is. In ethics, absolutism is usually contrasted to relativism.

Agnosticism

The conviction that one simply does not know whether God exists or not; it is often accompanied with a further conviction that one need not care whether God exists or not.

Altruism

A selfless concern for other people purely for their own sake. Altruism is usually contrasted with selfishness or egoism in ethics

Areté.

The Greek word for "excellence" or "virtue." For the Greeks, this was not limited to human beings. A guitar, for example, has its areté in producing harmonious music, just as a hammer has its excellence or virtue in pounding nails into wood well. So, too, the virtue of an Olympic swimmer is in swimming well, and the virtue of a national leader lies in motivating people to work for the common good

Atheism.

The belief that God does not exist. In the last two centuries, some of the most influential atheistic philosophers have been Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell, and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Autonomy

The ability to freely determine one’s own course in life. Etymologically, it goes back to the Greek words for "self" and "law." This term is most strongly associated with Immanuel Kant, for whom it meant the ability to give the moral law to oneself.

A calculus is simply a means of computing something, and a moral calculus is just a means of calculating what the right moral decision is in a particular case. Categorical Imperative. An unconditional comma

An unconditional command. For Immanuel Kant, all of morality depended on a single categorical imperative. One version of that imperative was, "Always act in such a way that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law."

The belief that both determinism and freedom of the will are true.

Any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on their consequences.

An example which claims to undermine or refute the principle or theory against which it is advanced.

Deductive

A deductive argument is an argument whose conclusion follows necessarily from its premises. This contrasts to various kinds of inductive arguments, which offer only a degree of probability to support their conclusion.

Deontology

Any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or
wrongness of actions depends on whether they correspond to our duty or not. The word derives from the Greek word for duty, deon.

Any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on whether they correspond to God’s commands or not.

Dolors

Utilitarian units of pain or displeasure.

A philosophical theory which holds that moral judgments are simply expressions of positive or negative feelings.

(1) An intellectual movement in modern Europe from the sixteenth until the eighteenth centuries that believed in the power of human reason to understand the world and to guide human conduct. (2) For Buddhists, the state of Enlightenment or nirvana is the goal of human existence.

A moral theory that, in its most common version (universal ethical egoism) states that each person ought to act in his or her own Self-interest.

The explicit, philosophical reflection on moral beliefs and practices. The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music.

A person’s ethnicity refers to that individual’s affiliation with a particular cultural tradition that may be national (French) or regional (Sicilian) in character. Ethnicity differs from race in that ethnicity is a sociological concept whereas race is a biological phenomenon.

The is the word that Aristotle uses for "happiness" or "flourishing." It comes from the Greek "eu," which means "happy" or "well" or "harmonious," and "daimon," which refers to the individual’s spirit. Gender. A person’s gender refers to that individual’s affiliation with either male or female social roles. Gender differs from sex in the same

Gender

A person’s gender refers to that individual’s affiliation with either male or female social roles. Gender differs from sex in the same way that ethnicity differs from race: gender is a sociological concept, while sex is a biological one.

This is a term that utilitarians use to designate a unit of pleasure. Its opposite is a dolor, which is a unit of pain or displeasure. The term "hedon" comes from the Greek word for pleasure.

Hedonistic

Of, or pertaining to, pleasure.

Heteronomy

For Kant, heteronomy is the opposite of autonomy. Whereas an autonomous person is one whose will is self-determined, a heteronomous person is one whose will is determined by something outside of the person, such as overwhelming emotions. Etymologically, heteronomy goes back to the Greek words for "other" and "law."

A conditional command, such as, "If you want to lose weight, stop eating cookies." Some philosophers have claimed that morality is only a system of hypothetical imperatives, while others—such as Kant—have maintained that morality is a matter of categorical imperatives.

Impartiality

In ethics, an impartial standpoint is one which treats everyone as equal. For many philosophers, impartiality is an essential component of the moral point of view.

A command. Philosophers often distinguish between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives; see the entries under each of these topics.

This is the word that Kant used (actually, he used the German word Neigung) to refer to our sensuous feelings, emotions, and desires. Kant contrasts inclination with reason. Whereas inclination was seen as physical, causally-determined, and irrational, reason was portrayed as nonphysical, free, and obviously rational. Integrationist. Any position which attempts to rec

Integrationist

Any position which attempts to reconcile apparently conflicting tendencies or values into a single framework. Integrationist positions are contrasted with separatist positions, which advocate keeping groups (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) separate from one another.

According to Kant, a maxim is the subjective rule that an individual uses in making a decision.

The arithmetical average of items in a group.

Means

Philosophers often contrast means and ends. The ends we seek are the goals we try to achieve, while the means are the actions or things which we use in order to accomplish those ends. A hammer provides the means for pounding a nail in a piece of wood. Some philosophers, most notably Immanuel Kant, have argued that we should never treat human beings merely as means to an end

The domain of actions, motives, traits, etc. that are open
to moral assessment, that is, can be said to be morally good or morally bad.

The view that we ought not to be morally concerned with, or involved with, people outside of our own immediate group. Moral isolationism is often a consequences of some versions of moral relativism. Moral Luck. The phenomenon that the moral goodness or badness of some of our actions depends simply on chance. For example, the drunk driver may safely reach home without injuring anyone at all, or might accidentally kill several children that run out into the street while the drunken person is driving home. How bad the action of driving while drunk is in that case depends in part on luck.

Morality

"Morality" refers to the first-order beliefs and practices about good and evil by means of which we guide our behavior. Contrast with Ethics, which is the second-order, reflective consideration of our moral beliefs and practices.

An excessive preoccupation with oneself. In mythology, Narcissus was a beautiful young man who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water.

In ethics, believers in natural law hold (a) that there is a natural order to the human world, (b) that this natural order is good, and (c) that people therefore ought not to violate that order.

Naturalism

In ethics, naturalism is the theory that moral values can be derived from facts about the world and human nature. The naturalist holds that "is" can imply "ought."

Naturalistic Fallacy

According to G. E. Moore, any argument which attempts to define the good in any terms whatsoever, including naturalistic terms; for Moore, Good is simple and indefinable. Some philosophers, most notably defenders of naturalism, have argued that Moore and others are wrong and that such arguments are not necessarily fallacious.

Noumenal

A Kantian term that refers to the unknowable world as it is in itself. According to Kant, we can only know the world as it appears to us, as a phenomenon. We can never know it as it is in itself, as a noumenon. The adjectival forms of these two words are "phenomenal" and "noumenal," respectively.

In recent discussions, ethicists have contrasted particularity with universality and impartiality and asked how, if morality is necessarily universal and impartial, it can give adequate recognition to particularity. Particularity refers to specific attachments (friendships, loyalties, etc.) and desires (fundamental projects, personal hopes in life) that are usually seen as morally irrelevant to the rational moral self.

According to Aristotle, Phronesis is practical wisdom, the ability to make the right decision in difficult circumstances.

Pluralism

The belief that there are multiple perspectives on an issue, each of which contains part of the truth but none of which contain the whole truth. In ethics, moral pluralism is the belief that different moral theories each capture part of truth of the moral life, but none of those theories has the entire answer.

3 Primary Duties re: Ethics

Duty to Protect Best Interest of Client
Duty to Honest Disclosure
Duty to Provide Treatment

Boundary

Emotional barriers that protect and enhance the integrity of individuals, subsystems and families

Conscious

Mental activities of which we are fully aware

The psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family

Double-bind

A conflict created when a person receives contradictory messages in an important relationship, and cannot leave or comment

Ego

Mediator between id and superego (between internal and external reality)

Enmeshment

Minuchin's term for loss of autonomy due to a blurring of psychological boundaries

Erikson's Stages

Trust v Mistrust (0-18mo)
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt (18-36mo)
Initiative v Guilt (3-6yr)
Industry v Inferiority (6-11yr)
Identity v Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy v Isolation (Early Adulthood)
Generativity v Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
Integrity v Despair (Late Adulthood)

Ethics

Service
Social Justice
Integrity
Competence
Dignity and Worth of Person
Importance of Human Relationships

Family Drawing

An experiential therapy technique where family members are asked to draw their ideas about how the family is organized

Family myths

Beliefs of all family members based on a distortion of reality that help shape the family rules

Family rules

Expectations of how family members are expected to behave

Freuds Stages

Oral (0-18mo)
Anal (18-36mo)
Phallic (3-6yr)
Latency (6-11yr)
Genital (11-19yr)

Genogram

A schematic diagram of the family system
squares = men
circles = women
horizonatal lines = marriages
vertical lines = children

Identified Patient

The symptom bearer as identifed by the family

Intelligence Tests

Stanford-Binet
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) (16+)
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (5-15)
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WIPPSI) (4-6 1/2)

Joining

Accepting and accommodating to families in order to win confidence and avoid resistence

Id

Primitive drives and instinctual needs

Mahler's Stages

Normal Autism (0-2mo)
Normal Symbiosis (2-6mo)
Hatching (6-9mo)
Practicing (9-18mo)
Rapproachment (15-36mo)
Object Constancy (36+mo)

Neuropsychological Tests

Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test (5-adult)

Orgasmic Disorders

Female Orgasmic Disorder
Male Orgasmic Disorder
Premature Ejaculation

Paradox

A self-contradictory statement

Paradoxical directive

A technique used in strategic therapy whereby the therapist directs family members to continue their symptomatic behavior. If they conform, they admit control and expose secondary gain. If they rebel, they give up their symptoms