Term
| name the 5 main scars you would see in an upper chest |
|
Definition
midline sternotomy
pacemaker scar : left side beneath clavicle
left anterolateral thoracotomy: for open chest massage
posteriorlateral thoracotomy: most common for pulmonary resections
axillary thoracotomy: muscle sparing approach |
|
|
Term
| how you you differentiate open heart surgery and CABG? |
|
Definition
| ask to see the leg for vein harvesting |
|
|
Term
| left anterolateral thoracotomy is used for what in open heart surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of the scar for removal of gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| Kocher scar, made inferior and parallel to costal margin |
|
|
Term
| whats the difference between chevron rooftop and mercedes benz scar? |
|
Definition
chevroof top is like a triangle without the bottom line. used for gastrectomy, oesophagectomy, bilateral adrenelectomy.
mercedes benz scar is chevron rooftop with incision and break into the xphisternum. used for hiatus hernias |
|
|
Term
| for renal surgery you would see a scar in the loin like a hockey stick scar. what is the name of the scar where a transplanted kidney is inserted and what is this scar an extension of? |
|
Definition
| name of the scar is Rutherford-Morrison scar it is an extension of the Lanz scar which is used for appendectomy and incision is made at mcburneys point. |
|
|
Term
| to fix an AAA what incision would you make? |
|
Definition
| A midline laparotomy incision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Senile calcification: most common
Congenital
Bicuspid valve in Turners syndrome
Rheumatic Fever |
|
|
Term
| Which triad of symptoms might someone with Aortic stenosis report? |
|
Definition
Extertional Dyspnoea
Syncope
Angina |
|
|
Term
| Pathology of Aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
narrowing of aortic valve in the heart
stops carotid outflow
limited CO
LV hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| describe the murmur of Aortic stenosis and other associated signs |
|
Definition
ejection systolic murmur radiates to carotids
best heard at right sternal edge, carotids and apex
signs:
slow rising pulse
narrow pulse pressure
heaving apex beat: not displaced
soft/absent S2
LVH, S3, pulmonary oedema |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of Aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
auscultation to ID murmur
CXR: calcification around aortic valve
ECG: may show LVH
echo: confirms diagnosis
cardiac catheterisation: to assess severity of stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conservative: if mild you may not need rx
medications: ACE-i to reduce amount of work the heart does. Diuretics if you are breathless.
surgery: advised when symptoms develop as studies show that once symptoms develop the average survival is 2-3 years if untreated. |
|
|
Term
| Surgical options in aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
Valvotomy: widens the valve and needs open heart surgery
Replacement: also open heart surgery with a mechanical or tissue valve
Valvulpplasty: stretching the stenosed valve: does not need open heart surgery. A catheter is used to inflated the stenosed valve. usually reserved for those who are unsuitable for open heart surgery. |
|
|
Term
from the 3 surgical options for valve replacement in aortic stenosis which one does not require open heart surgery?
Valvotomy
valve replacement
valvulopasty |
|
Definition
| valvuloplasty, the other 2 need open heart surgery. |
|
|
Term
| complications of Aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
Heart failure
infective endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| list features of aortic sclerosis and how you would differentiate it from aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
it is also an ejection systolic murmur but it does not radiate to carotids
there are no symptoms and no abnormal signs
the most common cause is: senile calcification
pathology: valve is hard and inflexible. there is thickening NOT narrowing therefore the sound is due to turbulence and it is local only. |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between A2 sound in aortic stenosis versus aortic sclerosis? |
|
Definition
the A2 is soft in Aortic stenosis
in aortic sclerosis it is normal or loud |
|
|
Term
| in aortic stenosis if congestive heart failure leads to a fall in CO then what will happen to the murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
post MI papillary muscle dysfunction
dilated cardiomyopathy: alcoholics
Rheumatic disease
infective endocarditis
congenital
connective tissue disorders eg Marfan's |
|
|
Term
symptoms of mitral regurg
(PDF) |
|
Definition
Palpitations
dyspnoea
fatigue |
|
|
Term
| murmur and sign of mitral regurge |
|
Definition
pan systolic murmur heard at apex
radiates to axilla
signs:
AF
displaced apex beat (vol overload)
LVF (S3, pulmonary oedema)
pulmonary HTN: RV heave and loud P2 |
|
|
Term
| pathology of mitral regurge? |
|
Definition
regurgitation to LA
causing LA dilatation then LV dilatation and failure
IF acute LA pressure increases causing pulmonary oedema |
|
|
Term
| associations of mitral regurg |
|
Definition
female sex
lower BMI
advanced age
prior MI
not related to diabetes and dyslipideamia |
|
|
Term
| which form of mitral regurge needs urgent valve repair? acute or chornic? |
|
Definition
acute: this leads to rapid pulmonary oedema that is life threatening and needs emergency valve repair.
chronic mitral regurge is well tolerated but dilation of the LV eventually causes heart failure and breathlessness |
|
|
Term
| investigations in mitral regurg |
|
Definition
CXR: enlarged LA and LV
ECG: broad P wave of LA enlargement
Echo: essential to confirm diagnosis and severity |
|
|
Term
| in mitral regurg severity of the condition must be assessed in all patients because the grade of severity determines prognosis. how is the grade assessed? |
|
Definition
| defined by the regurgitant jet into the LA |
|
|
Term
| management of mitral regurg |
|
Definition
serial testing:
asymptomatic pts with moderate MR and preserved LV fx can be followed up on a yearly basis with echo done every 2 years.
asymptomatic patients with severe MR and preserved LV function should be seen every 6 months and echo done annually.
medical
(in acute MR): nitrates, diuretics, intra aortic balloon pump
when HF develops: ACE-i in those with severe symptoms and not suitable for surgery. beta blockers and spirinolactone are also suitable
surgery: repair or replacement. in severe MR repair is preferred over replacement as it has a lower periop mortality and improved survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary HTN
LV dysfunction
AF and thromboembolism due to AF |
|
|
Term
| differentiate the murmur of MR and mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
MR: pan systolic murmur
Mitral valve prolapse: mid systolic click with late systolic murmur |
|
|
Term
| pathology of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| in ventricular systole, a mitral valve prolapses into the left atrium |
|
|
Term
| mitral regurg murmur goes from the apex to the axilla. describe the murur of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
atypical chest pain.
associations: primary congenital, Marfan's, PKD, congenital heart disease, congestive cardiomyopathy, SLE, HOCM, osteogenesis imperfecta, |
|
|
Term
| ix in mitral valve prolpase? |
|
Definition
echo: shows prolapse
ECG/CXR: usually normal unless they has been progression to significant mitral regurge
24 hours ECG to detect arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| mx of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
conservatve: follow the pts up
autonomic symptos: beta blockers and abstinence from coffee, alcohol and cigarettes
surgery: repair or replace. repair preferred over replacement |
|
|
Term
| if valves are on the left hand side then they are louder when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of tricuspid regurg |
|
Definition
RV dilatation in pulmonary HTN (chronic lung disease or left heart/valve disease)
Rheumatic
infective endocarditis in IVDU
Ebsteins anomaly if split S1 and S2 |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of tricuspid regurg? |
|
Definition
fatigue
hepatic pain on exertion
ascites, pulmonary eodema |
|
|
Term
where is the murmur of tricuspid regurg best heard?
the murmur is a pansystolic murmur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of tricuspid regurg? |
|
Definition
Giant V waves in JVP (giants JVP waves without RVF = tricuspid regurg)
pulsatile hepatomegaly
parasternal heave if severe |
|
|
Term
| pathology of tricuspid regurg? |
|
Definition
| there is regurgitation to the RA and systemic backflow |
|
|
Term
| investigations in tricuspid regurg |
|
Definition
ECG: RA hypertrophy with peaked P waves, arryhtmias
CXR: cardiomegaly, right heart enlargement with plural effusions
echo: to detect and quantify tricuspid regurg
cardiac magnetic resonance: when available is the preffered method to evaluate right ventricular size and fx
cardiac catheterisation: assess for CAD prior to surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rx underlying condition eg Abx for IE
rx arrythmias
mx of HF
surgery: ring annuloplasty or valve replacement |
|
|
Term
left sided valve murmurs are better heard on....
right sided valves are better heard on... |
|
Definition
left sisde: expiration (aortic and mitral)
right sided: better heard on inspiration (tricuspid and pulmonary) |
|
|
Term
most common cause of pulmonary stenosis?
when is the murmur heard and where? |
|
Definition
congenital is most common cause (Fallots, Noonans, intrauterine rubella)
ejection systolic murmur heard at upper left sternal edge. it goes to the back. |
|
|
Term
| pathology, signs and symptoms of pulmonary stenosis |
|
Definition
the stenosis stops pulmonary outflow leading to RV hypertrophy
signs:
RV heave and dysmorphic face
symptoms:
dyspnoea, fatigue, ascites and oedema. |
|
|
Term
| causes of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
rheumatic
congenital causes (parachute valve)
rheumatoid arthritis, amyloid deposition in the mitral valve |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
dyspnoea
Fatigue
heamoptysis
chest pain |
|
|
Term
| signs of mitral stenosis on examination? |
|
Definition
Malar flush due to low CO
AF
Tapping apex
Loud S1
pulmonary HTN (RV heave, loud P2) |
|
|
Term
| murmur of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
opening snap with mid diastolic rumble
best heard in the apex with pt in left lateral position |
|
|
Term
| systolic murmurs radiate whilst diastolic mumurs need to be accentuated. how can you accentuate the murmur of mitral stenosis and aortic regurg? |
|
Definition
mitral stenosis? pt on left lateral position in expiration. use bell.
aortic regurg: sitting forwards with breath held in expiration. use bell. |
|
|
Term
| pathology in mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
there is high LA pressure causing pulmonary HTN.
this causes RV hypertrophy then tricuspid regurge and then RH failure is a late complication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CXR: LA enlargement and interstitial oedema
mitral valve calcification may be seen
ECG: AF, LA enlargement and RV hypertrophy
Echo:assesses severity and allows other valves to be assessed as MS is associated with other valve diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conservative: asymptomatic pts with follow up and acho
medical: diuretics and long acting nitrates for SOB. beta blockers or rate limiting ca channel blockers can improve exercise tolerence
anticoagulant for those with AF
surgery: percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC)
mitral valve replacement |
|
|
Term
| complications of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
pulmonary HTN
dilated LA
AF
thromboembolic events
RHF
rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| what imaging is recommended before performing PMC? |
|
Definition
| transoesophageal echo to look for left atrial thrombus. if thrombus is found they need to be anticoagulated for 3 months or alternative path pursued |
|
|
Term
causes of aortic regurge?
can be split into chronic and acute |
|
Definition
chronic:
Rheumatic heart disease
Luetic heart disease (syphillis)
CT disorders (Marfan's, Ankylosing Spond)
congenital
long standing HTN
acute:
aortic dissection
infective endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of aortic regurge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of aortic regurge on examination? |
|
Definition
wide pulse pressure
collapsing pulse
displaced apex
backflow signs:
Corrigans pulse: carotids
De Mussets: head nodding
Quinke's: pulsations in nails
austin flint murmur: apical diastolic rumble |
|
|
Term
| murmur of aortic regurge. how to accentuate it? |
|
Definition
Early diastolic murmur, sounds like a breath
best heard in right sternal edge
accentuate: sit pt forward and breath held in expiration, best heard in left sternal edge when sitting forwards. |
|
|
Term
| pathology of aortic regurge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when would you hear the murmur of tricuspid stenosis? |
|
Definition
early diastolic at the lower left sternal edge
signs: giant a wave and slow Y descent on JVp |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary regurge murmur? |
|
Definition
| early diastolic heard at upper left sternal edge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a clinical syndrome characterised by
symptoms, signs and objective evidence of structural/functional abnormality of the heart at rest |
|
|
Term
example of symptoms
signs and objective evidence of heart failure |
|
Definition
symptoms: SOB, fatigue, ankle swelling
signs: tahycardia, tacypnoea, pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, raised JVP
objective evidence: 3rd heart sound, cardiac murmur, echo abnormalities, raised BNP |
|
|
Term
| how can HF be classified? |
|
Definition
acute/chronic
systolic/diastolic
high/low output |
|
|
Term
define systolic heart failure
causes of systolic heart failure |
|
Definition
there is a reduction in contractility of ventricles
causes:
heart dysfunction: IHD, cardiomyopathy, constrictive eg tamponade, pericarditis
valvular dysfunction
outflow resistance: systemic HTN and pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Term
define HF with preserved ejection fraction
causes? |
|
Definition
there is reduced compliance of ventricles e.g stiff ventricles
this usually occurs in older HTN pts |
|
|
Term
symptoms of HF can be due to:-
reduced perfusion
pulmonary congestion
systemic congestion
name some |
|
Definition
reduced perfusion: fatigue and exercise tolerance reduced
pulmonary congestion (LVF): orthopnoea, PND, pink frothy sputum, cardiac wheeze and nocturnal cough
systemic congestion: peripheral oedema and weight gain |
|
|
Term
sings of HF can also be split into
reduced perfusion
systemic congestion
pulmonary congestion
name some |
|
Definition
reduced perfusion: cyanosis, tacypnoea, tachycardia
pulmonary congestion: pleural effusions, S3 ventricular gallop, pulmonary oedema.
systemic congestion: raised JVP, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly, ascites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bloods (FBC for anemia, UE check renal function, BNP)
CXR: ABCDE
ECG: ventricular hypertrophy
Echo: diagnostic |
|
|
Term
CXR in HF
what does ABCDE stand for? |
|
Definition
A: alveolar shadowing (Bats wings)
B: B lines of interstitial oedema
C: cardiomegaly
D: diversion to upper lobes
E: effusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute mx
medical mx
surgical ICD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxygen
diuretics
opiates
vasodilators
inotropi agents
CPAP
ultrafiltration
mechinical ciculatory assistance eg intra aortic balloon counterpulsation |
|
|
Term
| drugs that have shown to improve mortality in chronic HF? |
|
Definition
ACE-i
spirinolactone
beta blockers
hydralazine with nitrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st line: ACE-i and beta blcoker
2nd line: aldosterone antagonist, ARB or hydralazine with nitrate
3rd line: digoxin or cardiac resynchronisation therapy
alternative is Ivabradine |
|
|
Term
| criteria for giving ivabradine to someone with HF? |
|
Definition
pt is already on suitable ACE-I, beta blocker and aldosterone antagonist
HR is > 75
LVEF is < 35% |
|
|
Term
| as well as medical management for chronic HF what vaccinations should they be offered? |
|
Definition
annual influenza and
one off pnuemococcal vaccine. |
|
|
Term
| a patient presents with symptoms of HF. what would your next management steps depend on? |
|
Definition
if they have had a previous MI.
if yes: arrange echo within 2 weeks
if no previous MI: measure BNP. if BNP high then echo in 2 weeks. if BNP levels are raised then echo within 6 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone produced mainly by the left ventricular myocardium in response to strain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to closure of tricuspid and mitral valve
loud in mitral stenosis
soft in mitral regurg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
soft in aortic stenosis
splitting during inspriration is normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diastolic filling of ventricle
found in LVF, mitral regurge an pericarditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle
may be heard in aortic stenosis, HOCM and HTN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new york classification
grade 1: no symptoms
grade 2: sob on normal activity
grade 3: sob on less than normal activity
grade 4: sob at rest |
|
|
Term
| non pharmacological mx in HF? |
|
Definition
cardiac resynchronisation therapy
ICD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
previous ventricular arrhythmia causing MI/compromise
previous ven arryhtmia and LVEF <35%
familial condition with high risk of sudden death
previous surgical repair of congenital heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calf pain on exertion, releived by rest
check claudication distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pale
pulseless
paraesthesia
paralysis
pain
perishingly cold |
|
|
Term
| symptoms and sign of critical ischemia? |
|
Definition
rest pain: in night. relieved by hanging legs over bed
tissue loss: arterial ulcers, gangrene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ABPI: 0.9-1.2 is normal. <0.5 severe disease. < 0.3 critical ischaemia
imaging:-
duplex USS 1st line
MR or CT angiography
catheter angiography
Bloods: lipids, glucose, FBC to rule out anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
risk factor control:
antiplatelet - clopidogrel
lower lipids: statins
smoking cessation
diet, weight mx and exercise
BP and DM control
supervised exercise regime for intermittent claudication.
Naftidofuryl oxalate: vasodilator
surgery: percutaneous angioplasty, vascular bypass graft, stenting
amputation: for gangrene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first detected
paroxysmal
persistent
permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Palpitations
dyspnoea
chest pain
TIA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregularly irregular pulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ECG or 24 hour ambulatory if paroxysmal AF suspected
bloods: TFT, FBC for anemia as it can precipitate HF. renal fx as electrolyte imbalances can cause arryhtmias,
CXR: cardiac structural causes eg mitral valve disease.
Echo: baseline echo good for long term management
CT or MRI if pt presents with stroke or TIA |
|
|
Term
| rate and rhythm control in AF. rate control is preferred except for which situations? |
|
Definition
if AF has reversible cause
if pt has HF due to AF
new onset AF
if a rhythm control strategy would be more suitable based on clinical judgement. |
|
|
Term
| rate control in AF what to use? |
|
Definition
1st line: monotherapy beta blocker or rate limiting ca channel blocker
for sedentary people with non paroxysmal AF consider digoxin monotherapy
if monotherapy cannot control symptoms then consider a combination with any of the 2 following
beta blocker
diltiazam
digoxin |
|
|
Term
| rhythm control in AF cardioversion |
|
Definition
if AF has persisted for > 48hours.
give amiodarone therapy 4 weeks before cardioversion and continue for up to 12 months after cardioversion to maintain sinus rhythm |
|
|
Term
| drug rx for rhythm control |
|
Definition
beta blockers
dronedarone:
amiodaraone if LV impairement or HF
do not give flecanide or other class 1c antiarrythmics to pts with known coronary/ structural heart disease.
pill in pocket: infrequent paroxysms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left atrial ablation and pacing |
|
|
Term
| thromboembolism prophylaxis in AF? |
|
Definition
CHA2DS2VASc = offer if 1 in male and 2 in female
HASBLED = risk of bleeding in people who are starting or have started anticoagulation
NOACS: rivaroxaban, apixiban |
|
|
Term
| in people with AF > 48 hours that are undergoing cardioversion how long should you delay it for and why? |
|
Definition
| delay until they have been maintained on therapeutic anticoagulation for 3 weeks and during this period offer rate control as appropiate |
|
|
Term
| new onset AF with heamodynamic instability what is first line mx? |
|
Definition
| emergency electrical cardioversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coronary heart disease
rheumatic heart disease
HTN
hyperthyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chest pain or discomfort caused by heart muscle not getting enough blood. this is due to narrowing of the coronary arteries.
stable angina: chest pain on exertion
unstable angina: chest pain on rest, should be managed as an acs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
family history
cardiovascular disease
htn
diabetes melitus
aortic stenosis
obesity
lack of exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constricting discomfort in chest, neck, shoulders, jaw or arms
precipitated by physical exertion
relieved by GTN or rest in 5 mins |
|
|
Term
| define prinzmetals angina |
|
Definition
occurs at rest
circadian pattern
most episodes occur in the early hours of the morning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ECG: may show ischemic changes or changes suggestive of CAD
FBC: exclude anemia
UE: check renal fx and electrolytes
blood glucose: if diabetes status unknown
triglycerides and fasting cholesterol
cardiac enzymes and troponin in unremitting prolonged pain
echo: if you suspect valvuar causes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stop what you are doing and rest
take GTN, then again 5 mins after and once again another 5 mins after.
if pain has not subsided after 15 mins call 999 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modify risk factors: smoking cessation, control diabetes, exercise, loose weight, diet, alcohol
medical: GTN for rapid symptom releif
1st line: beta blocker OR calcium channel blocker
if one doesn't work, consider the other or both.
2nd line: add long acting nitrate, ivabradine or ranolazine.
types of calcium channel blockers to use: amlodipne, nifedipine, felodipine |
|
|
Term
| SE of using nicorandil as monotherpy in angina? |
|
Definition
ulceration.
if calcium channel blockers and beta blockers are contraindicated then mono therapy can be used:
long acting nitrate
ivabradine
ranolazine |
|
|
Term
| summary of stable angina mx> |
|
Definition
life style modifications
medications
PCI
surgery |
|
|
Term
medication mx of stable angina.
if pt is on 2 drugs you should only add a 3rd drug whilst they are waiting for PCI or CABG |
|
Definition
statin and aspirin for all unless CI
GTN for acute attacks
beta blocker or calcium channel blocker
if unsuccessful: you can swap one for another or use both
3rd line: add one of the following: long acting nitrate, nicorandil, ivabradine, ralonizine (p should be awaiting PCI or CABG if on 3 drugs) |
|
|
Term
| if using calcium channel blocker alone for angina you can use a rate limiting one but if you use it in combo with beta blocker which ones should you use? |
|
Definition
nifedipine
amlodipine
felodipine. |
|
|
Term
| how to manage nitrate tolerance? |
|
Definition
take the second dose 8hours after the first rather than 12 hours.
this allows blood nitrate levels to fall for 4 hours and maintain effectiveness. |
|
|
Term
| nicorandil cause ulceration where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modify risk factors
medication
PCI and surgery and cardiac rehab afterwards |
|
|
Term
| S1 metallic sounding. which valve is replaced? |
|
Definition
mitral valve
if S2 is metallic sounding then aortic valve replaced. |
|
|
Term
| risks for varicose veins? |
|
Definition
prolonged standing
pregnancy
obesity
COCP
FHx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
education: avoid prolonged standing, compression socks and weightless
injection sclerotherapy: injected into multiple sites at varicosities
laser coagulation
surgical stripping |
|
|
Term
| clinical features of varicose veins |
|
Definition
symptoms: psychosocial from appearance, restless legs
signs: varicose eczema, heamosiderin, atrophy blanche, lipodermatosclerosis. |
|
|
Term
| 6 P of acute limb ischemia? |
|
Definition
pale
painful
pulseless
perishingly cold
paralysis
paraesthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal 0.9 -1.2
>1.2 falsely raised due to hardening of arteries
<0 .5 severe ischemia
<0.3 critical ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ABPI
duplex USS
MR/CT angiography
catheter aniography
bloods: lipids, fasting glucose, rule out anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
education and modify risk factors: smoking, diet, exercise, diabetes, weight
supervised exercise regime
clopidogrel and statin
naftidrofuryl oxalate
surgery
revascularisation: angioplasty or bypass
amputation |
|
|
