Sound Navigation ranging. 

Was developed in response to the growing importance of submarine warfare during WWII.

it's based on the detection of underwater echoes.

A way of listening to the sea

One uses observatioins to arrive at general conclusion. 

The scientists has no goal or preconceptions about the outcome

Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. 

Scientists start witha  general statement about nature and predict what the specific consequences would be if that statement is true.

Both induction and deduction lead the scientist to make statements that might be true.

Scientific hypotheses must be stated in a way that allows them to be critically tested. 

It must be possible to potentially disaprove the hypothesis if it is false.

Often when scientists are trying to decide between two or more things.

When multiple hypotheses seem to be reasonable

Variables that are prevented from affecting an experiment. 

The portion of the experiment that is controlled by the scientist  

Geological processes profoundly influence the marine habitats. 

Natural environments where marine organisms live.

Pacific

Atlantic

Indian 

Arctic

Debris remaining from a great cosmic explosion which clumped together into large particles.

This created Earth.

The Mass of a given volume of a substance. 

This allows materials to settle within the planet accordingly to size and depth.

Mass of a substance per unit volume.

Density = Mass/ Volume

The inner most layer is mostly iron. 

Inner= Solid Outer= Metal

The layer outside the earths core. 

Not solid rock, very hot rock that's geologically flowing hot rock. 

The outermost and therefore the best known layer of the earth. 

Sits lower in mantle. 

Oceans on top of it.

More dense, thinner, and dark in color.

Rich in Iron and magnesium.

Higher and dry.

Less Dense. 

Thicker in amount and older.

Light in color.

Granite. 
Found minerals are Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Aluminum. 

The seafloor is covered with this mineral. 

Its dark in color 

Developed by Alfred Wegener.

The Thought that all the continents had once been joined in a single "supercontinent"

The Supercontinent was known as Pangea

Process that involves the entire surgace of our planet. 

All the continents drift 

A continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircle the globe.

This system is the largest geological feature on Earth. 

Runs right down the center of the Atlantic Ocean.

Parallel to the opposing coastlines.

Consists of both the continent itself and the part of the atlantic sea floor.

System of deep depressions in the sea floor. 

These are especially common in the pacific ocean.

Where one plate meets another. 

It destroys old land areas of subduction causing islands.

Sea- floor rock at the ridge is very young, and gets progressively older when you move away from the ridge.

This is loose material like sand and mud that settles to the bottom of the ocean floor.

This build up gets thicker at greater distance from the ridge.  

Litho- means rock. 

Has both crust and mantle. 

Very rigid and broken up in lithospheric plates aka tectonic plates.

This means "rock sphere"

Very Plastic and bendible.

deeper underneath the lithosphere.

Pacific Plates that are broken up plates that are constantly moving. 

They move approximately 1 inch every year.

Slopping part of the continent. 

Average is 200 Miles.

The Shallowest part of the continental margin.

Declines rapidly to the sea floor.

Where the slope abruptlly gets steeper 

Usually occurs at depths of 120-200 meters 

the rapid movement. 

This is the closest thing to the exact edge of the continent. 

It begins at the shelf break and descends down to the deep sea floor

The gentle rist to rapid slope of land mass that meets ocean.

Build up of sediment (Lots of rocks and dirt pile on that region).

Sediment moving down a submarine canyon accumulates at the canyon's base.

Underwater mountains. 

Submarine volcanoes

Flattopped seamounts. 

Guyouts use to be a mountain till water whithered it away leaving it under water.

Land that reaches the surface.

Usually caused by volcanoes.

Trenches are zones of intense geological activity including earthquakes and volcanoes. 

Active margins lack a well developed continental rise.

Typically have flat coastal plains. 

Wide shelves, and are relatively gradual continental slopes. 

Usually have a thick continental rise.

Oceanic vs. Continental Plate 

In Trenches

Water environment.

Animals that live in water 

ie dolphins

Pelagic realm 

Neritic horizontal zones

Pelagic realm

Oceanic Horizontal zones

What are the Vertical Zones of the Pelagic Realm?

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

Abbyalpelagic

Hadalpelagic

Upper Top most surface.

Area where light can hit

Middle not enough light can hit it 

Aka Twilight zone

Deep perminantly dark 

Aka Midnight Zone

Plant Plankton.

Requires sunlight to grow and live

Those who are the strongest swimmers

ex turtles and dolphines

Intertidal 

subtidal

Epifauna

Infauna

When a molecule moves fast and breaks free of all the hydrogen bonds and escapes from the liquid phase into a gaseous phase.

As temperature rises so does the evaporation rate.

When the volume decreases without changing the mass. 

When liquid is cool it moves slower, packing in becoming more dense.

35 0/₀₀

35 Parts per thousand

PSU- Partical Salinity Units

Water evaporates leaving more salt

The amount of heat required to melt a substance.

Water has the highest amount of latent heat of melting.

The amount of heat needed to raise a substances temperature by a given amount.

Reflects how much heat the substance can store.

Water absorbs a lot of heat when it evaporates.

Only the fastest moving molecules can break the bonds to enter the gaseous phase.

Those left behind have a lower average velocity and therefore a lower temperature. 

ie which is why evaporating perspiration cools our skin.

Fissures that give off hot water.

Undersea hot springs associated with mid-ocean ridges.

Seawater Contains at least a litle of almost everything. 

Made up of mostly small groups of ions. 

Sodium and chloride account for about 85% 

This express salinity determined from conductivity. 

rather then parts per thousand the two units are numerically the same 35 psu is equivalent to 35 ^0/00

Chloride

Sodium

Sulfate

Magnesium

Calcium

Potassium

Since the earth is round and rotating.

Anything moving in a straight line will bend.

Northern Hemisphere= moves to the right

Southern Hemisphere= moves to the left