Term
|
Definition
| Sets of widely held beliefs, shaped by values and norms and cultures. |
|
|
Term
| What are international organizations? |
|
Definition
| Formal institutions with states as members. |
|
|
Term
| What is International Legal Personality? |
|
Definition
| Capacity to act under international law; must have power distinct from member states. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Constitutive Treaty? |
|
Definition
| Establishes international legal personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. |
|
|
Term
| What are the purposes of UNHCR? (3) |
|
Definition
| Protect WWII Refugees, coordinate multilateral aid, seek durable solutions. |
|
|
Term
| What are some durable solutions? (3) |
|
Definition
| Permanent settlements, Emergency Relief and Care, Facilitate international cooperation among UN members. |
|
|
Term
| What convention and protocol defines Refugee? |
|
Definition
| 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legal obligation not to return a refugee. (Under convention and protocol.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonrefoulment process? (3) |
|
Definition
| 1.) individual enters territory and applies for assylum; 2.) If granted, registered with UNHCR as De Jur Refuge; 3.) Arrangements for durable solution. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three durable solution arrangements? (3) |
|
Definition
| 1.) Voluntary repatriation; 2.) Resettlement; 3.) Assimilation. |
|
|
Term
| What is voluntary repatriation? |
|
Definition
| (as it sounds) often impossible because conditions in country prob havent changed yet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (as it sounds) Depends on individual's ties to the third country. E.g., family or particular skill. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (as it sounds) Usual course of action. Refugee given opportunity, after time, to apply for citizenship. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of Refugee? Specifically, how is it limited? |
|
Definition
Well-founded fear of being persecuted for race, religion, nationality, membership to a particular group or political opinion, is outside the country of this nationality and is unable to return.
Do not include those who left due to hunger, poverty, natural disasters, etc. Quite narrow definition and burden is quite high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internally Displaced Person unable to flee. |
|
|
Term
| How does the WFP assist with Refugees? |
|
Definition
| Provides emergency food aid and supports economic and social development. |
|
|
Term
| How does the WHO assist with refugees? |
|
Definition
| Works closely with UNHCR and provides health services. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights spell out? (3) |
|
Definition
| Aspirational, non binding agreement that spells out: political and civil rights, economic and social rights, and collective rights. |
|
|
Term
| Under the UDHR. what is included under political and civil rights? |
|
Definition
| Life, liberty, personal security, and political participation. |
|
|
Term
| Under the UDHR. what is included under economic and social rights? |
|
Definition
| Right to work, to form unions, and to a standard of living adequate for health and well being. |
|
|
Term
| Under the UDHR. what is included under collective rights? |
|
Definition
| Right to self-determination and development. |
|
|
Term
| What are the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights & the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights? |
|
Definition
| Two treaties negotiated as a result of the differences between East and West's interpretation of the Universal Declaration. |
|
|
Term
| What economic rights are found within the ICESCR? |
|
Definition
| 1.) The right to work, the right to fair renumeration, the right to safe working conditions, the right to form and join unions, and the right to strike. Also, special rights for mothers, right to food, housing and education. |
|
|
Term
| What cultural rights are found within the ICESCR? |
|
Definition
| Right to participate in the cultural life of a society and the right to benefit from scientific process. |
|
|
Term
| The ICCPR recognizes what? |
|
Definition
| The right to life, liberty, freedom of movement, equality under the law, and the presumption of innocence. Details right of association and freedom of religion and conscience. Free elections, universal suffrage, and the right to access public services. |
|
|
Term
| The West prefers what rights? |
|
Definition
| Civil and political over economic and social. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Human Rights Council? |
|
Definition
| Central UN body promoting and protecting human rights. Replacing the Commission on human rights. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Commission on Human Rights? |
|
Definition
| Reported to ECOSOC, drafted the UCHR, used by countries with HR violations to shield themselves from criticisms, now discredited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Created from the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme for Human Rights. More active role in promoting, protecting, and providing assistance in order to remove barriers. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cairo Declaration? |
|
Definition
| OIC's interpretation of human rights. E.g., different rights for men and women, and highlights colonialism and racism as grave violations. |
|
|
Term
| What is the UN Conference on Women in Beijing? |
|
Definition
| Reaffirmed women rights as human rights, but not improving as much as men's. Demonstrating how rights are largely culturally determined. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ILO and how does it relate to HRs? |
|
Definition
| International Labor Organization. Sets labor standards and improves the rights of workers globally. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Committee for the Red Cross. Mission is to aid the victims of war, mainly civilians and prisoners. Has "observer status" on the UN (only NGO). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ICRC's approach of neutral competence and neutrality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NGO reminder to governments of obligations through publicity and political pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What are the strategies of Amnesty International? (4) |
|
Definition
| 1.) international campaigns to lobby governments, report HR abuses, and educating officials; 2.) assists individuals who are prisoners of conscience or detained without trials; 3.) maintains urgent action network for people in immediate danger of torture or execution--floods media; 4.) has specialized network of medical and legal professionals, and specialists in women's, children's, and worker's rights. |
|
|
Term
| What is Human Rights Watch? |
|
Definition
| NGO that publicizes and investigates HR violations and attempts to hold nonstate actors responsible. Also engages in academic freedom, domestic violence, and prison conditions. |
|
|
Term
| What is Medecins Sans Frontieres? |
|
Definition
| Doctors Without Borders. NGO providing medical relief to populations in crisis regardless of ideology or national origin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The International Criminal Court. |
|
|
Term
| How does victors justice relate to HR, and whose view does it represent? |
|
Definition
| If HR violations occur during war, then it's just victors justice, explains realists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsibility to Protect, report from the ICISS, establishing the idea that sovereignty involves responsibility to protect citizens, and if states are unable or unwilling to do so, responsibility falls to the international community. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tragedy of the Commons? |
|
Definition
| A parable by Garrett Hardin demonstrating the difficulties with protecting the environment. Shows how individuals, acting rationally, can destroy the very resources that sustain them all. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two strategies community members may pursue in order to protect the "commons"? |
|
Definition
| 1.) create an authoritative body to regulate the commons. (only successful if interest is in preserving the commons and not the interests of powerful sheep owners.) 2.) Privatize, assigning property rights in the commons to individuals. |
|
|
Term
| What is sustainable development? |
|
Definition
| Efforts to maintain stable economic growth without undermining the environment and permanently depleting resources. |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 interrelated environmental problems of contemporary international concern? |
|
Definition
| 1.) deforestation, 2.) desertification, 3.) biodiversity, 4.) ozone depletion, 5.) global warming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the number and variety of plant and animal species. "Key species" are necessary for sustaining the food chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deterioration of the ozone caused by the release of CFCs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Stockholm Conference? |
|
Definition
| First comprehensive international conference on the environment. Produce 26 principles and 109 recommendations regarding human settlements, natural resource management, pollution, educational and social aspects of the environment, development, and international organizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advocated by the Stockholm Conference, established transnational monitoring networks, and for institutionalizing the principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Common Heritage of Mankind? |
|
Definition
| Attempts to define the global commons, and promotes the idea that everyone should reap the benefits of it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Tries to reconcile state sovereignty and freedom of the high seas. E.g., establishing state sovereignty 200-mile zone. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Vienna Convention of the Protection of the Ozone and the Montreal Protocol? |
|
Definition
| Laid the basis for significantly reducing the amount of CFCs. MP created a trust fund, the Multilateral Fund, which helps developing nations acquire substitutes for CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Rio Conference? And What is it also known as? |
|
Definition
| AKA The Earth Summit, addressed desertification, deforestation, biodiversity, and climate change, and adopted the theme of sustainable development. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Framework Conventions? |
|
Definition
| Years of preparatory work culminating in the Rio Conference. International agreements that establish basic aims and principles but impose no obligations on states. |
|
|
Term
| What 3 principle framework conventions were adopted at the Rio Conference? |
|
Definition
| The Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biodiversity, and the Convention to Combat Desertification. (Convention on deforestation failed.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Framework Convention on Climate Change? |
|
Definition
| 130 nations met in Kyoto to tangibly implement this convention. Calls on industrialized states to cap their emissions to 1990 levels. Also, mechanisms for monitoring global warming and commits advanced nations to partially fund emission-control measures in developing countries. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 sections of Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference? |
|
Definition
| 1.) issues relating to social and economic development (poverty, consumption patterns, population, human settlements, and policy making); 2.) conservation and management of resources for development, specifically atmosphere and land and ocean. And deforestation and desertification. 3.) explores ways to strengthen role of major sociodemographic groups. (children, women, scientists, NGOs, farmers, indigenous people, business, industry, unions); 4.) ways of implementation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commission on Sustainable Development to help implement and monitor Agenda 21 initiatives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Global Environmental Facility. Helps finance sustainable development efforts. Jointly operated by World Bank and UNDEP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The progressive increase of the temperature of the earth's atmosphere attributable to the buildup of greenhouse gases (CO2, CFCs, and methane.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major features of the Kyoto Protocol? |
|
Definition
| 1.) Parties agree to reduce worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012; 2.) Only advanced nations are required to meet their agreed upon target; 3.) Allows the trading of emission permits. I.e., developing countries could buy the right to emit greenhouse gases from developed countries. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Bali Road Map? |
|
Definition
| UN conference on how to replace Kyoto Protocol after 2012. Sets a global warming agenda and deadline for binding treaty by 2009. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Whaling Commission. Created by International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW). Designed to promote the interests of whaling states by preserving whaling stocks. |
|
|
Term
| What two strategies have Whaling state used to secure their national interests with regard to whaling? |
|
Definition
| 1.) Change balance of power in IWC; 2.) Abandon IWC altogether. |
|
|
Term
| What is international security? |
|
Definition
| In the past meant state security, but now human security: people-centered approach and focuses on physical threats to individuals. (e.g., hunger, disease, environmental disasters, extreme poverty). |
|
|
Term
| What are two conditions for Peacekeeping? |
|
Definition
| 1.) Consent of principal parties involved, 2.) temporary cease fire. |
|
|
Term
| What is peace enforcement? |
|
Definition
| preventative peacekeeping, supervising ceasefire, maintaining law and order, humanitarian assistance, rights of passage, sanction enforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helping war torn nations transition into stable, self governing states. e.g., elections, safe havens, reconstruction of society, governmental functions. |
|
|
Term
| Who is John Maynard Kaynes? |
|
Definition
| Most notable architect of the BWS. |
|
|
Term
| Who is John Maynard Kaynes? |
|
Definition
| Most notable architect of the BWS. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three pillars of the BWS and what agencies carry them out? |
|
Definition
| 1.) Economic development (World Bank); 2.) Monetary Stability (IMF); 3.) Trade (WTO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nontariff Barriers. Form of trade protectionism. Uses taxes, subsidies, and regulations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voluntary Export Restriction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Council. Part of WTO. |
|
|
Term
| What is orthodox development? |
|
Definition
| Wester, liberal interpretation. Measures economic statistics. Market is the solution. Underdevelopment and poverty is because of irrational state action. |
|
|
Term
| What is critical development? |
|
Definition
| Measures ability to meet material and nonmaterial needs. Measures quality of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Traditional and conservative lending. Under WTO. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Development Association. Long term loans, soft loans, less standards. Under WTO. |
|
|
Term
| What are Structural Adjustment Loans? |
|
Definition
| World Bank and IMF loans that come with orthodox strings attached: privatize, raise producer prices of agricultural goods, devalue local currency, reduce deficit, free trade, attract foreign capital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-77, undeveloped nations pressure developed countries to further trade liberalization, specifically with commodities and agriculture. |
|
|
Term
| What is the functionalist analyses? |
|
Definition
| seeks to explain why IOs have success in non politicized areas and how involvement may spill over into highly polticized areas. Focuses on international processes and organizational roles, showing duality. |
|
|
Term
| What is international legal personality? |
|
Definition
| Capacity to act under international law, IGOs have it. |
|
|
Term
| What three principles was the league of nations founded on? |
|
Definition
| 1.) collective security, 2.) peaceful settlement of disputes, 3.) foster international cooperation in the economic and social realms |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 purposes of the UN? |
|
Definition
| 1.) maintain international peace and security, 2.) develop friendly relations among nations, 3.) address eco, soc, cultural, and humanitarian problems, 4.) promote respect for universal human rights. |
|
|
