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Commander of Police Battalion 1011
- 53 Year old career policeman, WWI Veteran
- Joined the Nazi party in 1932 – but had never been taken into the SS or given an SS rank
- Recipient of the Iron Cross First Class
- “Papa Trapp”
- This was his first battalion command
- The assignment to the battalion was not to his liking, but he was ordered from the highest authorities
- Offered to let any of the men go that did not feel up to the task that was given to the battalion |
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Middle-aged family men of working, lower-middle class background from the city of Hamburg
- Considered to be too old to be of use to the German Army, they had been drafted into the order police
- Commander – Major Wilhelm Trapp
- “Had to perform a frightfully unpleasant task … The battalion had been ordered to round up the Jews of Jozefow, the male Jews of working age were to be separated and taken to a work camp – the remaining women, children, and elderly – were to be shot on the spot by the battalion.”
- Summary Report:
o In actions night and day without pause, 100% of the battalion’s strength was employed in all of the districts of the Warthegau (one of four regions in western Poland annexed to the Third Reich). On the average some 350 Polish peasant families were evacuated daily … During the peak of the evacuation period, the men of the battalion could not return to quarters for 8 days and 8 nights. The men had the opportunity to sleep only while traveling by night in truck … In the biggest action, the battalion evacuated about 900 families on one day with only its own forces and 10 translators”
o In all the battalion evacuated 36,972 people out of a target 58,268 – 22,000 escaped by fleeing
- November 28, 1940 the battalion took up guard duty around Lodz which had been sealed seven months earlier by a barbed wire fence, 160,000 Jews
o Battalion was to shoot any Jew who ignored the posted warnings and came too close to the fence
- Men from the battalion were involved in various phases of the Hamburg deportations
- June 1942 assigned another tour of duty in Poland
- 11 officers, 5 administrative officials, 486 noncommissioned officers and men
o Battalion was divided into three companies of about 140 men each, two commanded by police captains, the other by the senior reserve lieutenant in the battalion
o Each company divided into 3 platoons, two commanded by reserve lieutenants and the other by the platoons senior sergeant
o Each Platoon divided into 4 squads, commanded by a sergeant or a corporal |
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Village in Poland
- Typical of Polish villages, modest white houses with thatched straw roofs
- 1800 Jews called Jozefow home
- Massacre occurred July 13, 1942
o Working age men were to be sent to work camps, but women, children, and elderly were to simply be shot on the spot
o Two platoons were to surround the village and shoot anyone that was trying to escape
o Forced victims onto trucks and took them out to the woods and made them lay face down in the ground and shot them |
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In June of 1942 members of the Czech underground assassinated Heydrich, and in response, the Germans destroyed the town of Lidice – Near Prague
- Murdered 199 men as well as women and children
- Remaining people were removed for Germanization |
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: Late summer and fall of 1942
- Hitler instructed the German 6th army under General Friedrich von Paulus to take Stalingrad
- By mid November they had captured most of the city
- Hitler was advised to withdrawal but he did not do so because Stalingrad was an important hub of Soviet Transport
- January 31, 1943 the German southern contingent under Paulus surrendered and a few days later the northern contingent did the same
o Soviets took ninety thousand German Prisoners of War – hundreds of thousands dead on both sides
- TURNING POINT IN THE WAR! |
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| Operation Harvest Festivle |
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Fall of 1943 the Germans launched a new offensive against the remaining Jews of Poland – code name Harvest Festival
- Within just a few days in November of 1943, Germans and their accomplices massacred 42,000 Jews in the Lublin area
- Relied heavily on mass shootings
- “Jew Hunts” – German Order Police and Einsazgruppen worked with local collaborators to locate and kill as many Jews as they could |
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Started operations in December of 1941
- Near Lodz, First killing center used specially equipped gas vans to kill Jews and also Gypsies
- Would bring the Jews to the courtyard of the castle and told them they were to be sent to Germany, but they first must shower
o Ordered to strip, given a hand towel and soap – pushed into a corridor labeled washroom into the vans
o 90 people were put into a van at once
o Bodies were dumped in the forest on the way back to the camps
- By spring / summer of 1942 the area around Chelmno was filled with the stench of rotting bodies |
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A few Jews that were kept around by the Germans to unload the bodies and bury them
- “Special unit” – small group of men handled twelve to thirteen vans, 1000 bodies, each day
- Most of them did not last long, they were killed and replaced as new Jews arrived at Chelmno
- Some of them tried to escape but few succeeded – the Germans then put chains around the legs of the members of the Sonderkommando |
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| Treblinka Revold, August 1943 |
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Built in July of 1942 another Operation Reinhardt camp built solely as a killing center
- 80 miles from Warsaw
- First victims were about 300,000 Jews from Warsaw
- Also killed Gypsies and Jews from all over central Poland, Germany, Austria, Czech, and Greece
- About 1,000,000 total Jews were killed there
- Also had a Sonderkommando – 800 Jews worked at the camp
- Fake railway station that greeted arrivals, looked very similar to Germany – made to look normal so people would not sense they were about to be killed
- Revolts happened in a lot of the camps around 1943, this one included |
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Labor camp and killing center – a mile from the city of Lublin
- Modeled after Dachau in Germany
- Built in the winter of 1940-41 for prisoners of war
o Jewish POW’s did most of the construction of the camp
- July 1941 – Germans brought Soviet POW to Majdanek
- Gas chambers were built in 1942, death vans and shootings were also used
- Inmates were terribly abused and many were worked to death
- November 3, 1943 – guards killed 17,000 prisoners with machine gun fire and forced the few left alive to conceal the evidence
- 200,000 people were killed in total at the camp, 125,000 of which were Jews |
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| Himmler decided to transform the camp at Auschwitz into a killing center and assigned Hoess to the task |
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(1905-1981) Hitler’s minister of Armaments and war production from 1942
- Trained architect, friend of Hitler
- Joined Hitler’s ideology of building large Nazi Buildings for the future of Nazi Germany
- Allies captured after the war and served 20 years in prison because of his role in German crimes against foreign labor |
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| Hitler’s east Prussian residence |
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Most famous rescuer in Hungary
- Swedish business man and diplomat who rescued as many as 100,000 Jews from deportation
- Used money raised from the Jewish community in the US – He set up safe houses under the jurisdiction of the Swedish Embassy, issued Swedish passports, bribed German and Hungarian officials, and even rescued Jews from transports headed to Auschwitz |
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Fall of 1944 – Germans lost control of much of the territory they had occupied and began to evacuate camps
- Himmler ordered camp officials to send the inmates, under guard, marching in columns toward places farther from the advancing front
- People died on the marches and were just left wherever they died |
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Scientist and SS doctor
- Did experiments on dwarfs, twins, and others
- Killed the vast majority of his suspects |
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1945 – 1946
- Trial of 21 major war criminals and a handful of Nazi German organizations
- Real legal proceedings, with real witnesses, and massive amounts of documentation
- Some people and organizations were acquitted
- Those convicted received varying sentences, some even were given death sentences
- Goring committed suicide in his cell before he could be executed |
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Formed in winter of 1942, a handful of Catholic students at the University of Munich formed the White Rose
- Key figures: Brother and Sister Hans and Sophie Sholl
o Enthusiastic Nazi’s as children but broke from these ideals as adults
o Hans tour of duty as a medical orderly on the eastern front gave him firsthand exposure to the horrors of Nazi German warfare
- Printed a series of leaflets decrying the crimes of Nazism
- Last issue – February 1943 “The Spirit Lives!”
o Protested moral destruction of German youth – Nazism had turned German young people into godless, shameless, unscrupulous murderers
- Executed in February of 1943 |
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System to identify undesirables
- Jews, Gypsies, and Mentally retarded people were included in this system |
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All across German-occupied Europe, Jews and other opponents of Nazism took to the woods, often forming partisan units to combat the Germans
- The existence of the partisans was precarious at best
- Stole, arranged for secret deliveries of food, spent hours and even days in holes in the ground |
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German planners developed in detail the implications of their notion of Lebensraum – living space – in an important memorandum called “General Plan East”
- Drafted in 1941, document presented the Nazi vision for eastern Europe
- Theodor Schieder – one of the primary authors, young historian
- Called for Germans and ethnic Germans to settle vast areas of Eastern Europe to help grow the “Aryan Race”
- Plan demanded expulsion of the people currently living there
o The people would be sent to less desirable places, some were left to die, others made slaves
o Jews were to be eliminated all together
- Contained many euphemisms – rather than saying kill people they would say things like reducing or removing certain populations
- Settlement of Germans in the east, expulsion, enslavement, and dissemination of Slaves, and the murder of Jews were all part of the same plan
- Envisioned Germanization of an enormous territory that stretched eastward from the old German Reich all the way to the Ural mountains
o Someday 500-600,000,000 Aryans would live there according to the plan
- Intended on taking children away from parents that were not considered suitable to ensure the population growth that they wanted |
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By early 1943 Nazi planners decided the remaining Berlin Jews had to go and arrested them and locked them in a building on Rosenstrasse – to be eventually deported and killed
- Wives of the men gathered in the street to protest the arrest and demand their release
- Sympathizers also joined and soon there were several thousand people in the street protesting
- Hitler was furious but could not tell them to fire on a group of Germans, so he let the men go
- Many of the men survived the war |
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Best known Jewish survivor from Hungary
- Wrote the book Night, a personal account of the Holocaust
o Recounts the experiences of Wiesel – he was a boy at the time – in Auschwitz in the deadly last months of the war |
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Codename for D-Day
- June 6, 1944 the western allies landed in Normandy in northwestern France
- Greatest ambitious assault ever
- More than 4,000 Allied ships, 176,000 troops, after 10,000 aircraft dropped 10,000 tons of explosives on the German defenders of the French coast |
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Lawyer, devoted Christian who was a war administration counselor in the international law section of the German Armed Forces Supreme Command
- Organized a group of anti-Nazi friends and met during the war to make plans for a new, democratic Germany
- Urged military leaders to overthrow Hitler
- Arrested in January 1944 and hanged a year later |
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High ranking General Staff officer
- Plan was for July 20, 1944
- Plant a bomb in the Wolf’s Lair which would signal for the coup d’état in Berlin
- Plan did not work, the bomb barely injured Hitler
- He was captured and shot by firing squad on July 20, 1944
o Others considered to be in on the plan were publicly humiliated and sent to prison and many were killed |
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: September 1944 Hitler ordered full deployment of Germany’s resources against the enemy through the creation of Volkssturm – a “people’s storm”
- Mobilize all men between the ages of 15-60 – adding a total of 1.5 million men under arms
- Units were to close gaps in the regular Wehrmacht and engage the enemy in combat |
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| US Board for war refugees, set up in 1944 |
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Concordat with the Vatican in Rome
- In exchange for recognition of his regime’s legitimacy from the pope, Hitler promised to respect the rights of Catholics and the Catholic church in Germany
- The pope hoped to use this to fight communism all over Europe
- Turned out to be effective for Hitler to buy support at home and abroad |
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| un releif and rehibilitation administration |
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Tried to address some of the most pressing humanitarian concerns stemming from the refugee crisis
- US occupation authorities set up camps for displaced persons in their zone, by 1946, 150,000 Jews lived in the DP camps |
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| German order police unit. During nazi occupation of Poland, helped w final solution and repression of polish population. Round up and expulsion of jews poles gypsies, guarding/liquidating ghettos, deportation to concentration camps and mass shootings of thousands of people. Began in hamburg battalion, one of thirteen police formations that joined w german army. Sept 1939. Many recruits transferred to other units and replaces by middle ages reservists aka ordinary men. 1940 went to wartegau 37,000 in 5 months evacuated people. Guarded lodz ghetto, shoot any one comes close to fence. 1941 home to hamburg joined group from Luxembourg then extensive training. Deportation of eastern jews through 4 transports. Guarded assembly center, train stations. 1942 shot jews in Lublin district. Participation in final solution culminated in ernefest (Harvest festivle) nov 3-4 1943 largest murder against jews in the history 42,000 jews murdered at majdanek trawkini poniatowa.. four members of the unit suffered legal consequences for their actions in Poland killing of 78 Poles. Two were sentenced to death and two to prison. In 1962, however, that Reserve Police Battalion 101 as a whole came under investigation. In 1967 fourteen members of the unit were put on trial. Though most were convicted, only five received prison terms (ranging from five to eight years), which were subsequently reduced in the course of a lengthy appeals process. The battalion was divided into three companies each of approximately 140 men when at full strength..Each company was divided into three platoons. Each platoon was divided into four squads. |
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| The battalion was commanded by fifty-three year old Major Wilhelm Trapp, a World War One veteran and recipient of the Iron Cross First Class. After the war he became a career policeman, and rose through the ranks. Sentenced to death at trials. |
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| Town in Poland. Originally jewish polish settlement.orignially made profits from books. In September 1939 Jozefow was bombed by the German Luftwaffe. the end of September 1939 the Soviet Army entered Jozefow, but after a short occupation the Soviets left the town. Together with them, about 1,000 local Jews decided to escape to the Soviet Union. Only the poorest people stayed in the town. On 18 March 1941 about 600 Jews were resettled from Konin They were mainly very poor people who had lost their property - among them were a large number of old and sick people. Typhis epidemic broke out, lving conditions bad over crowded. No doctors. 1941 houses burned down holding 200 ppl. On 11 May 1942 three Gestapo shot about 130 Jews on the streets and in the local quarry. The largest single massacre, but not the final liquidation of the entire Jewish population, happened on 13 July 1942. On that day men of the 101st Reserve Police Battalion, commanded by Major Trapp, executed 1,300 - 1,500 Jews in Jozefow. Rest murdered in woods. 200-300 jews survived. More jews from other towns moved in. On 3 November 1942 the final “Aktion” was organised in Jozefow, and afterwards the village was claimed to be Judenfrei ("free of Jews"). The total number of Jewish victims can be estimated at approximately 2,500 - 2,600 people. Today only one Jewish survivor who converted to Catholicism after the war lives in Jozefow. |
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| village in the Czech Republic just north-west of Prague. destroyed by German forces in reprisal for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich during World War II. On June 10, 1942, all 192 men over 16 years of age from the village were murdered on the spot by the Germans in a much publicised atrocity. The rest of the population were sent to Nazi concentration camps where many women and nearly all the children were killed. May 27, 1942, Heydrich car was attacked by two Czechoslovak resistance fighters, Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš. bomb at Heydrich's car. died in Bulovka hospital in Prague from blood poisoning caused by pieces of upholstery entering his body when the bomb thrown at his car exploded. Hitler ordered Kurt Daluege, Heydrich's replacement, to `wade through blood` to find Heydrich's killers. The Germans raided entire Czech population. June 1942 make up for his death" concerning any village found to have harboured Heydrich's killers: Execute all adult men, Transport all women to a concentration camp, Gather the children suitable for Germanisation, then place them in SS families in the Reich and bring the rest of the children up in other ways, Burn down the village and level it entirely. Horst Böhme, comander.. Men to the farmstead of the Horák family. Mattresses were taken from neighbouring houses where they were stood up against the wall of the Horáks' barn. first the men shot in groups of five then ten.. The dead were left lying where they fell and the newly brought out soon-to-be victims had to first walk past them and stand in front of them. The firing squad always took two steps back and the scene of horror repeated itself. The men were not blindfolded and were taken to the place of execution without bonds. This spectacle continued until the afternoon hours when there were 173 dead bodies lying in the Horák farm. All the women and children of the village were taken first to Lidice village school then Kladno. children separated from their mothers. 184 women of Lidice taken to Ravensbrück. Eighty-eight children taken to textile company. seven children for Germanisation. late June Adolf Eichmann ordered the massacre of the remainder of the children. On July 1, 1942 the Lidice children were allowed to write postcards to their relatives. On July 2, 1942 all of the remaining 81 Lidice children were handed over to the Łódź Gestapo office, to extermination camp at Chełmno 70 kilometres away, where they were gassed to death in Magirus gas vans. Out of the 105 Lidice children, 82 died in Chełmno, six died in the German Lebensborn orphanages and 17 returned back home. The village of Lidice was set on fire and the remains of the buildings were bulldozed, every last remaining piece of evidence being destroyed. Altogether, about 340 people from Lidice died because of the German reprisal (192 men, 60 women and 88 children). |
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| Nazi Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. The battle took place between 17 July 1942 and 2 February 1943, during World War II.The results of these operations are often cited as a turning point of World War II. The Battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in modern history, with combined casualties estimated to be nearly 2 million. disregard for military and civilian casualties by both sides. The German offensive to take Stalingrad, the battle inside the city, first large-scale German defeat of World War II. Would prevent transports into Russia. Cut off fuel. |
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| operation harvest festivle |
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| November 3, 1943. "Erntefest" was the code name for the German operation to kill all Jews remaining in the Lublin District of the Generalgouvernement (a territory in the interior of occupied Poland) in the fall of 1943. The timing of the operation was apparently in response to several efforts by surviving Jews to resist the Nazis. The killing operation was completed in a single day at Majdanek and Trawniki. At Poniatowa the shootings took two days. Approximately 42,000 Jews were killed during "Erntefest." |
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| as an extermination camp hour from Łódź, This was in a part of Poland annexed by Germany in 1939. It was the first extermination camp, opened in 1941 to kill the Jews of the Łódź Ghetto and the Warthegau. At least 153,000 people were killed in the camp, mainly Poles, Jews from the Łódź Ghetto and the surrounding area, along with Gypsies from Greater Poland and some Hungarian Jews, Czechs, and Soviet prisoners of war. Put jews in vans , filled w carbon monoxide killed them drove dead bodys to large graves. |
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| A few Jewish prisoners selected to forced-labor detachment of 50 to 60 men deployed at the forest camp. They removed corpses from the gas vans and buried them in the mass graves. Smell strong in surrounding area, the SS and police said by spring of 1942 bodys be burned in air "ovens" . In addition, they sorted the clothing of the victims and cleaned the vans. Another small detachment of about 15 Jews worked at the manor house, sorting and packing the belongings of the victims. Between eight and ten skilled handicraftsmen produced or repaired goods for the SS special detachment. |
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| treblinka revolt august 1943 |
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| In August 1943, the prisoners in the work details rebelled. They seized small arms, sprayed kerosene on all the buildings and set them ablaze. In the confusion, a number of German soldiers were killed. Of 1,500 prisoners, only 40 are known to have survived the revolt. These survivors are almost all of the known survivors of Treblinka camp. After the revolt, it was decided to shut down the death camp and shoot the last of the Jewish prisoners. The camp had been badly damaged by the fire, and the murder of the Polish Jews was also largely complete. Odilo Globocnik wrote to Himmler: "I have on [October 19, 1943], completed Operation Reinhard, and have dissolved all the camps."[15] The final group of about thirty Jewish girls at Treblinka were shot at the end of November.million killed. |
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| October 1, 1941 until July 22, 1944, when it was captured nearly intact by the advancing Soviet Red Army. Although conceived as a forced labor camp and not as an extermination camp, over 79,000 people died there (59,000 of them Polish Jews) during the 34 months of its operation. The first transport directed toward Majdanek consisted of five thousand Soviet POWs. Rest polish jews. Very open camp. |
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| SS-Obersturmbannführer and from May 4, 1940 to November 1943 was the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, where it is estimated that more than a million people were killed. Poetry. he had an affair with an Auschwitz prisoner, he extricated himself by sending her to the gas chamber. Rudolf Höss found that gassing by carbon monoxide, the recommended method, was inefficient and introduced the cyanide gas Zyklon B. Rudolf Höss fled at the approach of the Red Army and went into hiding in Germany under the name Franz Lang. He was arrested by Allied military police in 1946, handed over to the Polish authorities, who tried him in 1947. He was sentenced to death, and returned to Auschwitz to be hanged on the one-person gallows outside the entrance to the gas chamber. |
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| Archetectual studies. He designed monuments and decorations, as well as the parade grounds at Nuremberg. Nazi-style of public rallies as spectacles, characterized by huge crowds of uniformed marchers, striking lighting effects, and impressive flag displays directed by Speer. planner of the German war economy, responsible for the construction of strategic roads and defenses, as well as military hardware. increase armament production dramatically bc slave labor. Only person to take responsibility. 20 yrs sentenced regretted it wrote book. |
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| codename for Adolf Hitler's World War II Eastern Front military headquarters, one of several Führer Headquarters located in various parts of Europe. It was the location of the 1944 failed assassination attempt against Hitler by Claus von Stauffenberg on 20 July 1944. |
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| August 4, 1912 – July 17, 1947?)[1][2][3] was a Swedish humanitarian who worked in Budapest, Hungary, during World War II to rescue Jews from the Holocaust. Between July and December 1944, he issued protective passports and housed Jews, saving tens of thousands of Jewish lives. Did not have to wear jewish star had hungarian protective pass. |
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| The Soviets approached from the east, and the British, French, and Americans from the west. The Germans began frantically to move the prisoners out of the camps near the front and take them to be used as forced laborers in camps inside Germany. Prisoners were first taken by train and then by foot on "death marches," as they became known. Prisoners were forced to march long distances in bitter cold, with little or no food, water, or rest. Those who could not keep up were shot. Nine days before the Soviets arrived at Auschwitz, the Germans marched 60,000 prisoners out of the camp toward Wodzislaw, a town thirty-five miles away, where they were put on freight trains to other camps. About one in four died on the way. |
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| (16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. He gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced laborer, and for performing human experiments on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. |
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| The Nuremberg trials were a series of trials, or tribunals, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after its defeat in World War II. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1946, at the Palace of Justice. The first and best known of these trials was the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT), which tried 22 of the most important captured leaders of Nazi Germany. It was held from 21 November 1945, to 1 October 1946. The second set of trials of lesser war criminals was conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT); among them included the Doctors' Trial and the Judges' Trial. This article primarily deals with the IMT; see the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials for details on those trials. |
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| non-violent/intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of a number of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for trials, active opposition to German dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. |
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primarily triangles, were part of the system of identification in Nazi camps. They were used in the concentration camps in the Nazi-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. [1] The triangles were made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and shirts of the prisoners. These mandatory badges of shame had specific meanings indicated by their color and shape. Red triangle — political prisoners (social democrats, trade unionists, liberals, communists, Freemasons, anarchists.) Some anarchists, and other "enemies of the state," were also given a black triangle.
Green triangle — "habitual criminals" (convicts, ofttimes Kapos, serving in exchange for reduced sentences or parole).
Blue triangle — foreign forced laborers, emigrants.
Pink triangle — homosexuals and sexual offenders.[2]
Purple triangle — Religious dissidents, "Bible Students" (i.e. Jehovah's Witnesses) and neopagans
Black triangle — people who were deemed "asocial elements," including |
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| Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans in occupied Soviet territory hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers |
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| Some Jews who managed to escape from ghettos and camps formed their own fighting units. These fighters, or partisans, were concentrated in densely wooded areas. A large group of partisans in occupied Soviet territory hid in a forest near the Lithuanian capital of Vilna. They were able to derail hundreds of trains and kill over 3,000 German soldiers |
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| was a secret Nazi plan of genocide[1] and ethnic cleansing to be realised in the territories occupied by Germany in Eastern Europe during World War II. The plan, prepared in the years 1939-1940, was part of Adolf Hitler's own Lebensraum plan and a fulfilment of the Drang nach Osten ("Drive towards the East") ideology of the German expansion to the east. |
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| Rosenstrasse protest was a nonviolent protest in Rosenstrasse ("Rose street") in Berlin in February and March 1943, carried out by the non-Jewish ("Aryan") wives and relatives of Jewish men who had been arrested for deportation. The protests escalated until the men were released. It was a significant instance of opposition to the events of the Holocaust. Up to 6000 protested |
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| a Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of 57 books, the best known of which is Night, a memoir that describes his experiences during the Holocaust and his imprisonment in several concentration camps. Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. |
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code name for the invasion of northwest Europe during World War II by Allied forces. The operation began with the Normandy Landings on 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day), among the largest amphibious assaults ever conducted. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than 3 million troops had landed by the end of August. [12][13] Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on D-Day itself came from Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Free French and Polish forces also participated in the battle after the assault phase, and there were also contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands, and Norway.[14] Other Allied nations participated in the naval and air forces.
HELMUT JAMES von MOLTKE
Helmuth James Graf von Moltke (11 March 1907 – 23 January 1945) was a German jurist, a member of the opposition against Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, and a founding member of the Kreisau Circle resistance group. In Berlin Moltke had a circle of acquaintances who opposed Nazism and who met frequently there, but on three occasions met at Kreisau. These three incidental gatherings were the basis for the term “Kreisau Circle.” Executed in berlin. |
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| was a German army officer and Roman Catholic aristocrat who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to kill German dictator Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power in World War II Germany. Along with Henning von Tresckow and Hans Oster, he was one of the central figures of the German Resistance movement within the Wehrmacht. Movie valkyrie |
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Definition
| "People's" or "National Militia"; Sturm lit. "storm", may be translated in a military context with "assault") was a German national militia of the last months of World War II. It was founded on Adolf Hitler's orders on October 18, 1944 and conscripted males between the ages of 16 to 60 years who were not already serving in some military unit as part of a German Home Guard. |
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| The War Refugee Board, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, was a U.S. executive agency created to aid civilian victims of the Nazi and Axis powers. Created largely at the behest of Roosevelt's Secretary of Treasury . Subsequently credited with rescuing as many as 200,000 Jews from Nazi occupied countries, through the efforts of Raoul Wallenberg and others, the commission has nevertheless received mixed praise because of the failure of the United States to act sooner despite clear evidence of ongoing atrocities in Nazi-occupied Europe. [2] The board was represented internationally in Turkey, Switzerland, Sweden, Portugal, Great Britain, Italy, and North Africa.[3] |
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| Although Hitler was determined to undermine, if not entirely destroy, the influence of Christianity in Germany, he could hardly proceed in a provocatively confrontational manner against the two main religious denominations--Protestant and Catholic. His problem with the Catholic Church, however, derived from the allegiance both the Catholic hierarchy and the laity owed to the dictates of the Pope. And since Catholics represented some one-third of the population, Hitler perforce proceeded with caution in his ultimate goal to bring the Church to heel. Thus, the formal agreement of July 1933, the Concordat with the Vatican, was an interim step on this path--enough to lull the Church into acquiescence of the regime while leaving him the option, which he used, to step up intimidation and persecution of its members as the opportunity afforded. |
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| un releif and rehabilitation administration |
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| proposed to the United States Congress by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on June 9, 1943 to provide relief to areas liberated from Axis powers after World War II. Roosevelt had already obtained the approval of the governments of the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China, and sought to obtain the endorsement of 40 other governments to form the first "United Nations" organization. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in the DP camps of Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist. Its functions were transferred to several UN agencies, including the International Refugee Organization. |
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