Term
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Definition
F. Erinaceidae- hedgehog
*sub family Erinaceinae
ZGZ: Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental
bunodont cheek teeth
European- hibernate
Desert- estivate (inactivity triggered from hot)
torpor: adaptive hypotherimia |
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Term
| O. Soricomorpha know these families |
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Definition
*F. Solenodontidae
• up to 800g (large!)
• flexible snout with ball and socket joint
• omnivorous
• toxic saliva
locomotion – generalized quadruped
social behavior – nocturnal, long-lived (11 yrs in
captivity), rudimentary echolocation
Last endemic mammal of hispanola
F. Soricidae
*subfamily Soricinae (nearctic, palearctic, oriental) (red tooth shrews- iron incorporated into enamel)
*subfamily crocidurinae (ethiopian, oriental) (white tooth shrews)
Hero shrew: extra lumbar vertebrae- very strong
F. Talpidae (moles and desmans)
• small eyes, may be beneath skin
• no (or extremely reduced) pinnae
• long snout
massive humeri
earthworms, other inverts
Eimer's Organ: touch receptors on snout (star nosed mole)
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Term
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Definition
odd toed unguilates
horses, rhinos, tapers (most - cursorial)
1. enlarged astragalus with pulley-shaped upper surface only
2. mesaxonic feet with a reduction of digits
3. all are hindgut fermentors (enlarged caecum with commensal bacteria)
F. Tapiridae
F. Rhinocerotidae
F. Equidae
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Term
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Definition
Species from cool climates tend to be larger than specied from warm climates
high SA/Vol ratio (more evaporative heat loss) |
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Term
| Non-shivering thermogenesis |
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Definition
Brown fat
small fat droplets
rich blood and nerve supply
many mitochondria
high O2 consumption
oxidation of fatty acids
cover vital organs and blood vessels
-> HEAT PRODUCTION via nonshivering
vs white fat insultaion |
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Term
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Definition
line down middle of foot lies witin third digit
2 major ankle bones: astralagus, calcaneum
odd toed unguilates (O. Perissodactyla)
astralagus flat on one end- limits motion between leg and ankle to flexion |
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Term
| Orders and Families of Superorder Cetartiodactyla |
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Definition
O. Artiodactyla
Sub. Order Tylopoda
Family Camelidae
Sub. Order Suiiformes
Family Suidae (pigs)
Family Tayassuidae (peccaries or javelinas)
Family Hippopotamidae
Suborder Ruminantia
Family Giraffidae
Family Antilocapridae – Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana
Family Cervidae - deer, elk, caribou, moose,
Family Bovidae
O. Cetacea
Sub O. Odonteceti
Family Delphinidae
F. Monodontidae
F. Phocoenidae
F. Platanistidae
F. Physeteridae
F. Ziphidae
Sub O. Mysteceti
F. Balaenidae
F. Balaenopteridae
F. Eschrichtiidae |
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Term
| Synapamorphies of O. Artiodactyla |
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Definition
1. enlarged astragalus with a double pulley (on upper and lower surfaces)
2. if present, horns always have a bony core
3. paraxonic feet
4. digit I always absent, digits II and V always reduced |
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Term
| O. Artiodactyla adaptations for running |
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Definition
1. development of the
astragalus as the main
weight bearing bone
2. reduction/fusion of the
metapodials into a
canon bone
Elongation of the lower leg and foot in taken to an extreme in
cursorial artiodactyls
Cannon bone functions as a pully with sesamoid bone and springing ligament- reinforce cannon bone and increases leverage
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Term
O. Artiodactyla
Sub O. Tylopoda |
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Definition
F. Camelidae
ZGZ: Palearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian
each toe is encased in broad pad that increases surface area and distributes weight on sand
Facultative hyperthermy- let body temperatures soar to prevent overheating
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Term
O. Artiodactyla
Sub O. Suiformes |
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Definition
(technically cetaceans included here too)
• bunodont molars
• tusk-like canines (and incisors in hippos)
• 4 toes on feet (i.e., relatively unspecialized)
F. Suidae Pigs
no cannon bone
Family Tayassuidae
partial fusion of metapodials- better runners tha pigs
Family Hippopotamidae
common hippo- gregarious, open areas, grass
pygmy hippo- solitary, forests, grass/fruit
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Term
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Definition
1. ingestion and mastication
2. food stored in rumen (fermentation)
3. food passes to reticulum (fermentation)
4. regurgitated food (“cud”) chewed again
5. food passes to omassum
6. food passes to abomasum (true stomach)
*thorough breakdown, takes longer, secondary compounds (suited for high quality forage that may
be more limited in quantity) |
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Term
O. Artiodactyla
Sub O. Ruminantia |
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Definition
F. Giraffidae giraffes and okapi
tarsal fusion (for stability while running)
ZGZ: Ethiopian
long mobile tongue
ossicones (bones on head- horns!)
F. Antilocapridae – Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana
ZGZ: Nearctic
browsers, open grassland
second fastest mammal
Pronghorn Horns:
• keratinized sheath over bone
• sheds sheath annually (unique)
• branched (only branched horns)
• both sexes (very small in females)
F. Cervidae- deer, mouse, elk
ZGZ: Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropical
browsers
Antlers (only in cervids):
• only in males (except caribou)
• grow rapidly and are shed each year
• used in social interactions during breeding season
Family Bovidae - antelope, bison, sheep, goats, cows, etc.NUMEROUS
ZGZ: Nearctic, Palearctic, Ethiopian
browsers and grazers
Bovid Horns:
• keratinized sheath over bone core
• never branched or shed
• may be evergrowing
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Term
| O. Cetacea synapamorphies |
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Definition
Skull Synapomorphies:
1) External nares on top of skull
2) “Telescoping” of skull bones
• Elongation of rostrum
• Overlapping of skull bones
• Shortened braincase
• Reduced zygomatic arch
Post cranial synapamorphies
1. No pelvic limbs
2. Laterally-flattened tail with horizontal flukes
3. Forelimbs modified as flippers
4. compressed cervical vertebrae
that are sometimes fused
5. vestigal pelvis
6. chevron bones
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Term
| Cetacean adaptions for cold |
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Definition
Cold
1. Large size – slower heat loss
2. Thick layers of blubber (also adds to buoyancy and streamlined shape)
3. Rete mirabile – “miraculous networks”: counter-current heat exchange mechanism
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Term
| Cetacean adaptions for diving |
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Definition
Diving
1. blood has more oxygen-binding proteins than in terrestrial mammals
2. during dives: blood is shunted to heart and brain, heart rate slows
3. a flexible rib cage allows the thoracic cavity to collapse as pressure increases
hold their breath while diving-> increased N would move into human body tissues (the bends)
*whales have muscularized alveolar sacs which collapse under pressure, preventing gas exchange |
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Term
O. Cetacea
Sub O. Odontoceti |
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Definition
toothed whales
Synapomorphies:
• Assymetrical skull
• Melon (containing spermaceti organ = spermaceti + junk) (sonar)
• Single external nares
F. Didelphinidae
F. Monodontidae (2 species - narwhals, belugas)
cervical vertebrae not fused, more movement
F. Ziphiidae (beaked whales) -poorly known
F. Platanistidae (river dolphins)
F. Physeteridae (sperm whales)
melon is larger in males than females- fighting? perhaps
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Term
O. Cetacea
Sub O. Mysteceti |
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Definition
baleen whales
synapamorphies: teeth replaced by baleen plates
baleen: keratinized epidermis, grows continuously
eat zooplankton (krill & neckton)
F. Balaenidae right and bowhead whales
smooth throat, skimmers
F. Balaenopteridae Minke whale, blue whale, humpback
more streamlined, smaller head,
gulping feeding style (bubblenetting) via frontomandibular stay, which reinforces lower jaw against opening too far. Part of temporalis muscle coronoid process-> frontal
F. Eschrichtiidae Grey whales
N. pacific in summer, CA/Japan in winter |
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Term
| Sounds produced by Mysticetes |
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Definition
low frequency-> travel for miles
social organisms with extremely long migrations
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