sub

prep. + ablative or accusative,

under, up under, close to

necō

I kill

audetis

you (pl) dare

mos

mos, moris, m.,

habit, custom, manner

mōrēs

mōrēs, mōrum, m. pl.,

habits, morals, character

carmen

carmin, carminis, n.,

song, poem

(charm)

quare

adverb

because of which thing,

therefore, wherefore, why

posse

to be able

secundus, a, um

second; favorable

(second wind)

insidiae

insidiae, -arum, f. pl.,

ambush, plot, treachery

(insidious)

vester, vestra, vestrum

your (plural)

noster, nostra, nostrum

our, ours

-que

enclitic conjunction,

and

example: fama gloriaque

dea

dea, deae, f.,

dat. and abl pl. deabus,

goddess

potest

he is able

poteramus

we were able, 

we used to be able

esse

to be

estis

you (pl.) are

laborabam

I was working

cervum

cervum, cervi, m., 

stag

malum

malum, mali, n.,

apple

malus, mala, malum

bad, wicked

nunc

adverb,

now, at present

adulescentia

adulescentia, -ae, f.,

youth, young manhood

(adolescence)

animus

animus, animi, m.,

soul, spirit, mind

(animosity)

animi

animi, animorum, m. pl.,

high spirits, pride, courage

caelum

caelum, caeli, n.,

sky, heaven

(ceiling, celestial)

verbum

verbum, verbi, n.,

word

(verbose)

liber, libera, liberum

free

(libertine)

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

beautiful, handsome; fine

(pulchritude)

hodie

adverb,

today

heri

adverb,

yesterday

cenabas

you were dining

cenabunt

they will dine

propter

prep. + acc,

on account of, because of

mora

mora, morae, f.,

delay

(moratorium, demur)

alius

alius, alia, aliud

other, another

ALIAS, ALIEN

alter, altera, alterum

the other (of two), second

ALTERCATION, ALTRUISM

neuter, neutra, neutrum

not either, neither

NEUTRON, NEUTRALITY

morbus, -ī, m.,

disease, sickness

MORBID, MORBIDITY

nūllus, -a, -um,

not any, none

NULL, ANNUL

locus

locus, -ī, m.

place; passage in literature

ALLOCATE; LOCALITY

tōtus

tōtus, -a, -um

whole, entire

TOTALITY,  IN TOTO

ūllus

ūllus, -a, -um

any

enim

enim, postpositive conjunction

for, in fact, truly

nimis

nimis or nimium

adverb

too, too much, excessively

nimium

nimium or nimis

adverb

too, too much, exccessively

amīcitia, -ae, f.

friendship

cupiditās, cupiditātis, f.

desire, longing, passion; avarice

CUPIDITY

hōra, -ae, f.,

hour, time

audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum,

to hear, to listen to

AUDIBLE, AUDIT, AUDITION

veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum,

to come

ADVENT, INTERVENE, EVENT

senectūs, senectūtis, f.,

old age

SENECTITUDE

timor, timōris, m.,

fear

TIMOROUS

vēritās, vēritātis, f.,

truth

VERITABLE

inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum,

to come upon, to find

INVENT

dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum,

to say, speak, tell; name, call

DICTATE, INDICT, DICTION

capiō, capere, cēpī, captum,

to take, capture, seize, get

CAPABLE, CAPTIVE

quoniam

quoniam,

conj.,

since, inasmuch as

cum

cum,

preposition + ablative, with

COMPLETE, CORROBORATE

faciō

faciō, facere, fēcī, factum,

to make, do, accomplish

FACILE, FACT, FACULTY

vivō

vivō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum,

to live

CONVIVIAL, REVIVE, VIVID, VIVIPAROUS

caput

caput, capitis, n.,

head; leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter

CAPITAL, CAPITOL, CHEF

nēmō,

(nūllīus, nēminī, nēminem, nūllō or nūllā),

m. or f.,

no one, nobody

amīcus, -a, -um

amīcus, -a, -um,

(adjective),

friendly

quod

quod,

conjunction,

because

intellegō

intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctum,

to understand

INTELLIGENTSIA

dum

dum,

conjunction,

while, as long as, at the same time that;

+ subjunctive, until

sentiō

sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensum,

to feel, perceive, think, experience,

ASSENT, SENTIMENTAL

carus

carus, -a, -um,

adjective, dear; expensive

CARESS, CHERISH

mittō

mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum,

to send, let go

ADMIT, COMMIT, DEMISE

annus

annus, -ī, m.,

year,

ANNALS, ANNUITY, CENTENNIAL

dīvitiae 

dīvitiae, -ārum,

f. pl.

riches, wealth 

factum

factum, -ī,

n.

deed, act, achievement

FACT 

signum

signum, -ī,

n.,

sign, signal, indication; seal

ASSIGN, INSIGNIA, SEAL 

quisque, quidque,

doctus, -a, -um,

doctus, -a, -um,

taught, learned, skilled

DOCTOR, DOCTORATE 

fortūnātus, -a, -um,

lucky, fortunate, happy

UNFORTUNATE 

nam

nam,

conj.,

for 

ante

ante,

prep. + acc.,

before (in place or time), in front of; adv., before, previously;

not to be confused with Greek anti, against

ANTEBELLUM, ANTEDATE, ANTERIOR 

diū,

adv.,

long, for a long time

per,

prep. + acc., through;

with reflexive pronoun, by; per- as prefix often signfies "completely" or "thoroughly" PERCHANCE, PERSPIRE

ōlim

ōlim,

adv.,

at that time, once, formerly; in the future

alō

alō, alere, aluī, altum,

to nourish, to support, to increase; to cherish

ALIMONY COALESCE

dīligō

dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum,

to esteem ,to love

DILIGENCE

iungō

iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctum,

to join

JUNCTION, CONJUNCTION, ENJOIN

stō

stō, stāre, stetī, statum,

to stand, stand still or firm

STABLE, STATION, STATURE, ESTABLISH, STAY

cadō

cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrum,

to fall

CADENCE, CASE, CASCADE, CHANCE, DECAY, DECIDUOUS

prīncipium

prīncipium, -ī, n.,

beginning

PRINCIPAL, PRINCIPLE

quisque

quisque, quidque,

indefinite pronoun,

each one, each person, each thing

animal

 animal, animalis, n.,

a living creature, animal

 aqua

 aqua, -ae, f.,

water 

AQUATIC, SEWER

 ars

ars, artis, f.,

art, skill  

ARTIFACT, INERT

auris

auris, auris, f.,

ear  

AURAL, AURICULAR

cīvis

cīvis, cīvis, m. & f.,

citizen 

CIVILITY, CIVILIAN, CIVILIZE

iūs

iūs, iūris, n.,

right, justice, law  

JURISDICTION, JURISPRUDENCE, INJURY

 mare

mare, maris, n.,

sea  

MARINE, CORMORANT, ROSEMARY

mors

mors, mortis, f.,

death  

IMMORTAL, MORTIFY, MORTGAGE

nūbēs

nūbēs, nūbis, f.,

cloud

NUBILOUS

ōs

ōs, ōris, n.,

mouth, face

ORAL, ORIFICE

pars

pars, partis, f.,

part, share; direction

PARTIAL, PARTAKE, PARTICULAR, PARTITION, REPARTEE

Rōma

Rōma, -ae, f.,

Rome

ROMANCE, ROMANTICISM

turba

turba, -ae, f.,

uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude

TURBID, TURBULENT, IMPERTURBABLE

urbs

urbs, urbis, f.,

city

URBAN, URBANE, SUBURB

vīs

vīs, vīs, f.,

force, power, violence;

in plural, strength

VIM, VIOLATE

ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels)

ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels),

prep + abl,

away from; by

ABJECT, ABSOLVE, ABUSE

tempestas

tempestas, tempestatis, f.,

period of time, season; weather, storm

TEMPESTUOUS

memoria

memoria, -ae, f.,

memory, recollection

MEMORANDUM

miser, misera, miserum

miser, misera, miserum,

wretched, miserable, unfortunate

COMMISERATE

 inter

 inter,

prep. + acc.,

between, among

INTERNAL, INTERDICT

itaque

itaque,

adv.,

and so, therefore

committo

committo, -mittere, -misi, -missum,

to entrust, commit

COMMITTEE, NONCOMMISSIONED

exspecto

exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum,

to look for, expect, await

EXPECTANCY

iacio

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum,

to throw, hurl

INTERJECT

timeo

timeo, timere, timui, ---,

to fear, be afraid of, be afraid

TIMID, TIMOROUS, INTIMIDATE

aetās

aetās, aetātis, f.,

period of life, life, age, an age, time

ETERNAL, ETERNITY

audītor

audītor, audītōris, m.,

hearer, listener, member of an audience

AUDITOR, AUDITORY, AUDITORIUM

ācer, ācris, ācre

ācer, ācris, ācre,

(3rd declension adjective of three endings)

sharp, keen, eager, severe, fierce

ACRID, ACRIMONY, ACRIMONIOUS, EAGER, VINEGAR

brevis, breve

brevis, breve,

(3rd declension adjective of two endings)

short, small, brief

BREVITY, BREVIARY, ABBREVIATE, ABRIDGE

celer, celeris, celere,

celer, celeris, celere,

(3rd declension adjective of 3 endings)

swift, quick, rapid

CELERITY, ACCELERATE

difficilis, difficile

difficilis, difficile,

(3rd declension adjective of 2 endings)

hard, difficult, troublesome

DIFFICULTY

dulcis, dulce

dulcis, dulce,

(3rd declension adjective of 2 endings)

sweet, pleasant, agreeable

DULCIFY, DULCET, DULCIMER

ingēns

ingēns, 

(3rd declension adjective of 1 ending)

gen. ingentis,

huge

ēiciō

ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum,

to throw out, to drive out

EJECT, EJACULATE 

libellus

libellus, -i, m.,

little book,

LIBEL, LIBELOUS

quī, quae, quod,

relative pronoun,

who, which, what, that,

QUORUM 

caecus

caecus, -a, -um,

blind,

CAECAL, CAECILIAN

admittō

admittō, admittere, admīsī, admissum,

to admit, receive, let in,

ADMISSION, INADMISSIBLE, ADMITTEDLY

coepī

coepī, coepisse, coeptum,

began

(defective verb used in the perfect system only)

cupiō

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītum,

to desire, wish, long for,

CONCUPISCENCE, COVET, COVETOUS

dēlēō

dēlēō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum,

to destroy, wipe out, erase,

DELETE, INDELIBLE

aut

aut,

conjunction,

or;

aut...aut, either...or

quoque

quoque,

adverb,

also, too

levis

levis, leve,

light; easy; slight, trivial

LEVITY, ALLEVIATE

dēsiderō

dēsiderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum,

to desire, to long for, miss

DESIDERATUM 

incipio

incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum,

to begin

INCIPIENT, INCEPTION 

navigo

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum,

to sail, navigate

NAVIGABLE 

neglego

neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum,

to neglect, disregard

NEGLIGENT, NEGLIGEE, NEGLIGIBLE 

 recito

 recito, -are, -avi, -atum,

to recite, to read aloud

RECITAL, RECITATION, RECITATIVE

flūmen

flūmen, flūminis, n.,

river

FLUME

genus

genus, generis, n.,

origin; kind, type, sort, class

GENERIC, GENDER, GENUINE, GENRE, DEGENERATE

hostis

hostis, hostis, m.,

an enemy (of the state); 

hostēs, -ium, pl., the enemy

HOSTILE, HOSTILITY, HOST

clārus

clārus, -a, -um,

clear, bright; renowned, famous, illusrtrious

CLARIFY, CLARET, CLARION, DECLARE, CLARINET

fluō

fluō, fluere, flūxī, flūxum,

to flow

FLUID, FLUENT, FLUX, AFLUENCE, INFLUENZA, SUPERFLUOUS

legō

legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum,

to pick out, choose; to read

ELECT, ELEGANT, ELIGIBLE, LEGEND, LEGIBLE

cūr

cūr,

adverb,

why

ludus

ludus, -ī, m.,

game, sport; school

LUDICROUS, DELUDE, ELUDE, ALLUDE, ALLUSION, ILLUSION, COLLUSION, INTERLUDE, PRELUDE

probitās

probitās, probitātis, f.,

uprightness, honesty

PROBITY

scientia

scientia, -ae, f.,

knowledge

SCIENCE

mortālis

mortālis, -e,

mortal

MORTALITY

deinde

deinde,

adv.,

thereupon, next, then

misceō

misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum,

to mix, stir up, disturb

MISCELLANEOUS, MISCELLANY, MEEDLE, MEDDLESOME, MEDLEY, MELEE, PROMISCUOUS

moveō

moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtum,

to move; arouse, affect

MOBILE, MOTION, MOTIVE, MOTOR, COMMOTION, EMOTION, REMOTE, MUTINY

videor

videor, vidērī, vīsus sum,

(passive of videō),

to be seen, seem, appear

argūmentum

argūmentum, -ī, n.,

proof, evidence, argument; theme

ARGUMENTATION, ARGUEMENTATIVE

auctor

auctor, auctōris, m.,

increaser; author, originator 

AUTHORITY, AUTHORIZE

beneficium

beneficium, -iī, n.,

benefit, kindness; favor 

BENEFICE, BENEFICENCE, BENEFICIARY

quis? quid?

quis? quid?,

interrogative pronoun,

who? whose? whom? what? which? 

QUIDDITY, QUIDNUNC, QUIP

certus

certus, -a, -um,

definite, sure, certain, reliable 

ASCERTAIN, CERTIFY, CERTIFICATE

dēlectō

dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum,

to delight, charm, please 

DELECTABLE, DELECTATION

līberō

līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum,

to free, to liberate

LIBERATE, LIBERAL, DELIVER

nisi

nisi,

conjunction,

if … not, unless; except

familia

familia, -ae, f.,

household, family 

FAMILIAL, FAMILIAR

iūdex

iūdex, iūdicis, m.,

judge, juror 

JUDGE

iūdicium

iūdicium, -iī, n.,

judgment, decision, opinion; trial 

ADJUDGE, ADJUDICATE, JUDICIAL, INJUDICIOUS, PREJUDICE

scelus

scelus, sceleris, n.,

evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness

gravis

gravis, -e,

heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous 

AGGRAVATE, GRIEF, GRIEVANCE, GRAVITY

at

at,

conjunction,

but; but, mind you

(a more emotional adversative than sed)

contrā

7. contrā,

prep. + acc.,

against 

CONTRAST, CONTAVENE, ENCOUNTER

parō

parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum,

to prepare, provide; get, obtain

  APPARATUS, COMPARE, REPARATION

 iam

iam,

adverb,

now, already; soon

coniūratī

coniūratī, -ōrum, m.pl.,

conspirators 

CONJURE, CONJURER

cornū

cornū, cornūs, n.,

horn 

CORNEA, CORNER, CORNET, CORNUCOPIA,UNICORN

frūctus

frūctus, frūctūs, m.,

fruit; profit, benefit, employment 

FRUCTIFY, FRUCTOSE, FRUGAL

genū

genū, genūs, n.,

knee 

GENUFLECT, GENUFLECTION 

manus

manus, manūs, f.,

hand; handwriting; band 

MANUAL, MANUFACTURE, MANUMIT, MANUSCRIPT, EMANCIPATE, MANACLE, MANAGE, MANICLE, MANEUVER

mōns

mōns, montis, m.,

mountain 

MOUNT, AMOUNT, MONTANA, PARAMOUNT, TANTAMOUNT, SURMOUNT

careō

careō, carēre, caruī, caritūrum,

+ ablative of separation,

to be without, be deprived of, want , lack; be free from  

CARET

dēfendō

dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum,

to ward off; defend, protect 

DEFENDANT, DEFENSE, DEFENSIBLE, DEFENSIVE, FENCE, FEND, FENDER, OFFEND

metus

metus, -ūs, m.,

fear, dread, anxiety

METICULOUS

senātus

senātus, -ūs, m.,

senate

SENATORIAL

sēnsus

sēnsus, -ūs, m.,

feeling, sense, meaning (of a word)

SENSATION, SENSORY, SENSUOUS, INSENSATE, SENSIBLE

servitūs

servitūs, servitūtis, f.,

servitude, slavery

spīritus

spīritus, -ūs, m.,

breath, breathing; spirit, soul

SPIRITUAL, CONSPIRE, INSPIRE, EXPIRE, RESPIRATORY, TRANSPIRE

versus

versus, -ūs, m.,

line of verse (verse=poetry)

VERSIFY, VERSIFICATION

discēdō

discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessum,

to go away, depart

prōnūntiō

prōnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum,

to proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

PRONOUNCEMENT, PRONUNCIATION

dexter

dexter, dextra, dextrum,

right, right-hand

DEXTERITY, DEXTROUS, AMBIDEXTROUS

casa

casa, -ae, f.,

house, cottage, hut

CASINO

causa

causa, -ae, f.,

cause, reason; case, situation;

causā, ablative with a preceding genitive, "for the sake of, on account of"

ACCUSE, BECAUSE, EXCUSE

fenestra

fenestra, -ae, f.,

window

FENESTRATED, DEFENESTRATION

finis

 finis, -is, m.,

end, limit, boundary; purpose;

fines, -ium, m. plural, boundaries, territory

AFFINITY, CONFINE, DEFINE, FINAL, FINALE, FINESSE, FINIAL, INFINITE, PARAFFIN, REFINE

contineō

contineō, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum,

to hold togehter, contain, keep, enclose, restrain

CONTENT, DISCONTENT, MALCONTENT, CONTINUAL, INCONTINENT, COUNTENANCE

iubeō

 iubeō, iubere, iussi, iussum,

to bid, order, command

JUSSIVE

laborō

 laborō, (1),

to labor; be in distress

LABORATORY, LABORER, BELABOR

rapiō

rapiō, rapere, rapui, raptum,

to seize, snatch, carry away

RAPACIOUS, RAPID, RAPTURE, RAVAGE, RAVINE, RAVISH

 communis

 communis, -e,

common, general, of/for the community

COMMUNAL, COMMUNE, COMMUNICATE, COMMUNICABLE, COMMUNION, COMMUNISM, EXCOMMUNICATE

diēs

diēs, diēī, m.,

day 

DIARY, DIAL, DISMAL, DIURNAL, JOURNAL, ADJOURN, JOURNEY, MERIDIAN, SOJOURN

ferrum

ferrum, -ī, n.,

iron; sword 

FERRIC, FERRITE

fidēs

fidēs, fideī, f.,

faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity; promise, guarantee, protection 

CONFIDE, DIFFIDENT, INFIDEL, PERFIDY, FEALTY

ignis

ignis, ignis, m.,

fire 

IGNEOUS, IGNITE, IGNITION

modus

modus, -ī, m.,

measure, bound, limit; manner, method, mode, way 

MODEL, MODERATE, MODERN, MODICUM, MODIFY, MOOD

rēs

rēs, reī, f.,

thing, matter, business, affair 

REAL, REALISTIC, REALIZE, REALITY

spēs

spēs, speī, f.,

hope 

DESPAIR, DESPERATE

aequus

aequus, -a, -um,

level, even; calm; equal, just; favorable 

EQUABLE, EQUANIMITY, EQUATION, EQUATOR, EQUILATERAL, EQUILIBRIUM, EQUINOX, EQUITY, EQUIVALENT, INEQUITY, ADEQUATE

fēlīx

fēlīx, gen. fēlīcis,

lucky, fortunate, happy 

FELICITATE, FELICITATION, INFELICITY

incertus

incertus, -a, -um,

uncertain, unsure, doubtful 

INCERTITUDE

quondam

quondam,

adv.,

formerly, once 

QUONDAM

cernō

cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētum,

to distinguish, discern, perceive 

DISCERN, DISCERNIBLE, DISCREET, DICRETE, DISCRETION

ēripiō

ēripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptum,

to snatch away, take away; rescue

inquit

inquit,

defective verb,

he says or said, placed after a direct quotation

tollō

tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum,

to raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy 

EXTOL

ultrā

ultrā,

adv. and prep. + acc.,

on the other side of, beyond 

ULTRA, ULTRASONIC, ULTRASOUND, ULTRAVIOLET, OUTRAGE

arx

arx, arcis, f.,

citadel, stronghold

dux

dux, ducis, m.,

leader, guide; commander, general 

DUKE, DUCAL, DUCAT, DUCHESS, DUCHY, DOGE

lītus

lītus, lītoris, n.,

shore, coast 

LITTORAL

mīles

mīles, mīlitis, m.,

soldier 

MILITARY, MILITARISTIC, MILITATE, MILITANT, MILITIA

orātor

orātor, ōrātōris, m.,

orator, speaker  

ORATORY, ORATORIO

aliquis

aliquis, aliquid

(genitive alicuius, dative alicui, etc.),

indefinite pronoun,

someone, somebody, something

(compare declension of quis, quid)

quisquis

quisquis, quidquid,

(quis repeated; cases other than nominative rare), indefinite pronoun,

whoever, whatever

magnanimus

magnanimus, -a, -um,

great-hearted, brave, magnanimous 

MAGNANIMITY

umquam

umquam,

adverb, (in questions or negative clauses),

ever, at any time 

(compare numquam)

ēducō

ēducō, (1),

to bring up, educate 

EDUCATION, EDUCATOR, EDUCABLE

(do not confuse with ēdūcō, to lead out)

gaudeō

gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum,

to be glad, rejoice 

GAUDEAMUS

(compare gaudium, -iī, joy)